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How to tell Slender pholiota from Funeral bell

Funeral bell is deadly poisonous

Slender pholiota and Funeral bell look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Slender pholiota is unknown, while Funeral bell is deadly poisonous. Compare the color and shape of the cap, the stem, the flesh and the smell, as well as the season and habitat — details in the table below. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Slender pholiotaFuneral bell
Comparison of characteristics: Slender pholiota and Funeral bell
Edibility classSlender pholiota: UnknownFuneral bell: Deadly poisonous
SeasonSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Summer, Autumn, Winter
UseSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Not eaten
SizeSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Small (up to 5 cm)
Cap colorSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Brown, Rusty, Yellow
Cap shapeSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Convex, Flat, Umbonate
Cap surfaceSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Smooth, Slimy
TasteSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Mealy taste
SmellSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Floury, Neutral
Flesh color changeSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: No change
HymenophoreSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Gilled
StemSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Central, Hollow
Ring (veil)Slender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Ring present, Ring remnants
SubstrateSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Dead wood, On wood, Moss
Partner treesSlender pholiota: —Funeral bell: Spruce, Pine, Fir, Beech, Birch, Aspen, Poplar, Hornbeam

Same in both: nutrition type.

When and where they meet

Together: June–December

Their seasons overlap: June–December. At that time you can find both in the same woods.

Slender pholiota

Fruiting season

June – December

Funeral bell

Fruiting season

June – December

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Slender pholiota

Cap 2–8 cm across, nearly round when young, then bell-shaped, later convex to flat, sometimes with a low bump. Ocher brown to reddish brown, darker and tawny in the center, with a yellow-green margin. Surface slimy or tacky, smooth with flattened fibers; young caps have a margin fringed with yellow veil remnants.

Funeral bell

The cap is small, 1.5 to 5 cm across and rarely up to 7 cm. It starts convex with an inrolled margin, then opens out almost flat, sometimes with a small bump in the middle.

The colour is honey yellow, ochre or tawny brown. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather, and the margin is translucent, so you can see the lines of the gills through it. The cap is hygrophanous: it turns noticeably paler as it dries and is often two-toned. Sheathed woodtuft changes in exactly the same way, so cap colour won't separate them.

Hymenophore

Slender pholiota

Gills attached or slightly running down the stem, close, sulfur yellow or pale greenish yellow when young, cinnamon brown with age, often keeping a greenish tinge. Spore print brown.

Funeral bell

The gills are attached to the stem or run slightly down it, and they are crowded and narrow. Pale ochre or yellowish at first, they turn rusty brown as the spores ripen.

The spore print is rusty brown. That rules out honey fungus and velvet shank (white prints) and sulphur tuft and conifer tuft (purple-brown to almost black). It won't rule out sheathed woodtuft, though, whose print is the same colour. The spores are warty, roughly 8–10 × 5–6 µm, clearly larger and rougher than the smooth spores of woodtuft, but that only shows under a microscope.

Stem

Slender pholiota

Stem 3–8 cm tall and 0.4–1 cm thick, cylindrical, often curved, hollow when mature. Yellow above with a powdery greenish-yellow apex, browning from the base upward. Surface fibrous, with yellow fibers from a thin veil; no distinct ring.

Funeral bell

The stem is slender, 2 to 7 cm long and 3 to 8 mm thick, even, and hollow with age. It is pale at the top and darkens to brown or reddish brown towards the base. Below the ring it is covered in pale silvery fibres running lengthwise, without the shaggy scales of sheathed woodtuft. White felty mycelium is visible at the base.

The ring is thin, membranous, whitish to yellowish, and soon turns brown from the spores. It's fragile: often all that's left is a brown band on the stem, and old specimens can lose it entirely. So a missing ring doesn't mean it isn't a funeral bell. There is no volva at the base.

Flesh

Slender pholiota

Flesh yellow, soft, sometimes watery bright greenish yellow.

Funeral bell

The flesh is thin, yellowish to watery brown and darker in the stem. It doesn't change colour when cut.

Smell

Slender pholiota

Odor and taste mild and indistinct; one description compares the smell to freshly husked green corn.

Funeral bell

The smell is often mealy, like fresh flour, especially when the mushroom is crushed. It can also be very faint, so field guides don't treat smell as a reliable feature, and it won't tell a funeral bell from a woodtuft.

Related comparisons

Sources · 23

  • [1]Index Fungorum
  • [2]GBIF
  • [3]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [4]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
  • [5]MushroomExpert.com, Michael Kuo
  • [6]Wikipedia (English)
  • [7]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [8]Википедия (русская)
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  • [10]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
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  • [12]Enjalbert F. et al. Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata. Mycologia, 2004, 96(4): 720–729, Enjalbert F. et al. (2004)
  • [13]Vo K.T. et al. Amanita phalloides mushroom poisonings, Northern California, December 2016. MMWR, 2017, 66(21): 549–553, Vo K.T. et al. (2017)
  • [14]IPCS INCHEM: Amatoxins, Poisons Information Monograph
  • [15]California Department of Public Health: Foraged wild mushrooms health alert
  • [16]Wikipedia (de): Gifthäubling
  • [17]Wikipedia (de): Gemeines Stockschwämmchen
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  • [19]Species Fungorum
  • [20]Smith & Hesler, The North American Species of Pholiota: Pholiota spumosa (mykoweb)
  • [21]Smith & Hesler, The North American Species of Pholiota: Importance (edibility)
  • [22]BioImages: Pholiota spumosa
  • [23]griby.org: Pholiota spumosa