Support MycoNote →

MycoNote

How to tell Wood woollyfoot from Funeral bell

Funeral bell is deadly poisonous

Wood woollyfoot and Funeral bell look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Wood woollyfoot is inedible, while Funeral bell is deadly poisonous. The main visible difference: ring (veil): Wood woollyfoot — no ring, Funeral bell — ring present, ring remnants. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: substrate. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Wood woollyfootFuneral bell
Comparison of characteristics: Wood woollyfoot and Funeral bell
Edibility classWood woollyfoot: InedibleFuneral bell: Deadly poisonous
SeasonWood woollyfoot: Summer, AutumnFuneral bell: Summer, Autumn, Winter
Cap colourWood woollyfoot: Brown, Cream, RustyFuneral bell: Brown, Rusty, Yellow
Cap surfaceWood woollyfoot: Dry, SmoothFuneral bell: Smooth, Slimy
TasteWood woollyfoot: PepperyFuneral bell: Mealy taste
SmellWood woollyfoot: Odourless, SourFuneral bell: Floury, Odourless
Ring (veil)Wood woollyfoot: No ringFuneral bell: Ring present, Ring remnants
SubstrateWood woollyfoot: Leaf litterFuneral bell: Dead wood, On wood, Moss
Partner treesWood woollyfoot: Beech, OakFuneral bell: Spruce, Pine, Fir, Beech, Birch, Aspen, Poplar, Hornbeam
Growth habitWood woollyfoot: In groups, In clusters from one base, In ringsFuneral bell: In groups, In clusters from one base, Solitary

Same in both: use, size, cap shape, flesh colour change, hymenophore, stem, nutrition type.

When and where they meet

Together: August–November

Their seasons overlap: August–November. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Shared habitats: conifer forest, mixed forest, deciduous forest.

Wood woollyfoot

Fruiting season

June – November

Funeral bell

Fruiting season

August – December

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Wood woollyfoot

The cap is 2 to 7 cm across, usually 3 to 6 cm, convex with an inrolled margin at first, then flattening, sometimes with a low broad bump or a slight dip; old caps have a wavy, wrinkled or grooved edge.

The surface is hygrophanous, smooth or finely fibrous, dry and matt, sometimes with small white felty spots. The colour varies a lot: pinkish cream, yellowish buff, ochre or reddish brown, darker in the centre.

Funeral bell

The cap is small, 1.5 to 5 cm across and rarely up to 7 cm. It starts convex with an inrolled margin, then opens out almost flat, sometimes with a small bump in the middle.

The colour is honey yellow, ochre or tawny brown. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather, and the margin is translucent, so you can see the lines of the gills through it. The cap is hygrophanous: it turns noticeably paler as it dries and is often two-toned. Sheathed woodtuft changes in exactly the same way, so cap colour won't separate them.

Hymenophore

Wood woollyfoot

The gills are widely spaced and narrow, narrowly attached or almost free, pale yellowish at first and turning reddish brown with age.

The spore print is white to pale cream.

Funeral bell

The gills are attached to the stem or run slightly down it, and they are crowded and narrow. Pale ochre or yellowish at first, they turn rusty brown as the spores ripen.

The spore print is rusty brown. That rules out honey fungus and velvet shank (white prints) and sulphur tuft and conifer tuft (purple-brown to almost black). It won't rule out sheathed woodtuft, though, whose print is the same colour. The spores are warty, roughly 8–10 × 5–6 µm, clearly larger and rougher than the smooth spores of woodtuft, but that only shows under a microscope.

Stem

Wood woollyfoot

The stem is 3 to 8 cm tall and 0.3 to 0.8 cm thick, cylindrical and slightly wider at the base, tough and hollow, cap-coloured or yellowish brown, paler and finely frosted at the top. There's no ring.

The lower half is densely covered in white to yellowish woolly hairs that bind the leaf litter at the base.

Funeral bell

The stem is slender, 2 to 7 cm long and 3 to 8 mm thick, even, and hollow with age. It is pale at the top and darkens to brown or reddish brown towards the base. Below the ring it is covered in pale silvery fibres running lengthwise, without the shaggy scales of sheathed woodtuft. White felty mycelium is visible at the base.

The ring is thin, membranous, whitish to yellowish, and soon turns brown from the spores. It's fragile: often all that's left is a brown band on the stem, and old specimens can lose it entirely. So a missing ring doesn't mean it isn't a funeral bell. There is no volva at the base.

Flesh

Wood woollyfoot

The flesh is thin, tough and pale yellowish to brownish yellow.

Funeral bell

The flesh is thin, yellowish to watery brown and darker in the stem. It doesn't change colour when cut.

Smell

Wood woollyfoot

The smell is faint and indistinct, slightly sour according to some descriptions. The taste is burning and peppery.

Funeral bell

The smell is often mealy, like fresh flour, especially when the mushroom is crushed. It can also be very faint, so field guides don't treat smell as a reliable feature, and it won't tell a funeral bell from a woodtuft.

Related comparisons

Sources · 29

  • [1]Index Fungorum
  • [2]GBIF
  • [3]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [4]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
  • [5]MushroomExpert.com, Michael Kuo
  • [6]Wikipedia (English)
  • [7]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [8]Википедия (русская)
  • [9]Prydiuk M.P. Representatives of the genus Galerina (Hymenogastraceae) with pleurocystidia in Ukraine. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 2020, 77(4): 270–282, Prydiuk M.P. (2020)
  • [10]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [11]Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. DNA studies in the Galerina marginata complex. Mycological Research, 2001, 105(4): 432–440, Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. (2001)
  • [12]Enjalbert F. et al. Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata. Mycologia, 2004, 96(4): 720–729, Enjalbert F. et al. (2004)
  • [13]Vo K.T. et al. Amanita phalloides mushroom poisonings, Northern California, December 2016. MMWR, 2017, 66(21): 549–553, Vo K.T. et al. (2017)
  • [14]IPCS INCHEM: Amatoxins, Poisons Information Monograph
  • [15]California Department of Public Health: Foraged wild mushrooms health alert
  • [16]Wikipedia (de): Gifthäubling
  • [17]Wikipedia (de): Gemeines Stockschwämmchen
  • [18]Landkreis Zwickau: Stubbenpilze (пам'ятка про гриби на пнях)
  • [19]Species Fungorum
  • [20]First Nature: Gymnopus peronatus, Wood Woollyfoot
  • [21]First Nature: Gymnopus dryophilus, Russet Toughshank
  • [22]First Nature: Marasmius oreades, Fairy Ring Champignon
  • [23]First Nature: Laccaria laccata, Deceiver
  • [24]NatureSpot: Wood Woollyfoot
  • [25]BioImages: Gymnopus peronatus
  • [26]Wikipedia (de): Brennender Rübling
  • [27]Шульга В. М. Світ грибів України: Gymnopus peronatus
  • [28]Wikigrib: Коллибия обёрнутая
  • [29]GBIF: знахідки Gymnopus peronatus в Україні