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How to tell Fool's funnel from White knight

White knight is poisonous

Fool's funnel and White knight look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Fool's funnel is poisonous, while White knight is poisonous. The main visible difference: smell: Fool's funnel — floury, White knight — unpleasant, radish-like, honey. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: size. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Fool's funnelWhite knight
Comparison of characteristics: Fool's funnel and White knight
SizeFool's funnel: Small (up to 5 cm)White knight: Medium (5–15 cm)
Cap colourFool's funnel: White, Cream, PinkWhite knight: White, Cream, Pale yellow
Cap shapeFool's funnel: FlatWhite knight: Convex, Flat, Umbonate
Cap surfaceFool's funnel: SmoothWhite knight: Dry, Smooth
TasteFool's funnel: MildWhite knight: Acrid, Bitter
SmellFool's funnel: FlouryWhite knight: Unpleasant, Radish-like, Honey
StemFool's funnel: CentralWhite knight: Central, Solid
SubstrateFool's funnel: SoilWhite knight: Soil, Leaf litter
Nutrition typeFool's funnel: SaprotrophWhite knight: Mycorrhizal
Partner treesFool's funnel: —White knight: Oak, Beech, Hornbeam, Hazel, Birch
Growth habitFool's funnel: In groups, In ringsWhite knight: In groups, In rings, Solitary

Same in both: edibility class, season, use, flesh colour change, hymenophore.

When and where they meet

Together: August–November

Their seasons overlap: August–November. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Our cards list no shared habitats.

Fool's funnel

Fruiting season

August – November

White knight

Fruiting season

August – November

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Fool's funnel

The cap is 2-5 cm across, convex when young, becoming flat and spread out or slightly funnel-shaped, with a thin wavy margin. It's whitish to cream, with characteristic pinkish-cream concentric zones or streaks running from the centre to the margin, a diagnostic feature. The surface is silky-matte and somewhat sticky in wet weather.

White knight

The cap is 4–10 cm across. Young caps are conical to convex with an inrolled margin, then flatten out around a small, low boss, often with a wavy edge. In the white knight the margin is smooth; a ribbed margin points more to the chemical knight of birch woods.

The colour is white to cream, sometimes with a pale yellow tinge. With age the centre turns ochre or yellowish brown, and old caps develop ochre spots. The surface is dry, matt and smooth, and stays dry even in rain.

Hymenophore

Fool's funnel

The gills are crowded and thin, running decurrent down the stem (typical of the genus Clitocybe). They're whitish to pale pink. The spore print is white.

White knight

The gills are white, later pale yellowish, thick, fairly distant and of unequal length. They are clearly notched just before the stem, and their edges are finely toothed.

The spore print is white. Pink or chocolate-brown gills mean a field mushroom relative; gills running down the stem point to a funnel.

Stem

Fool's funnel

The stem is 2-5 cm tall and 0.4-0.8 cm thick, slender, cylindrical and often curved. It's whitish to cream, with white mycelial fuzz at the base. The surface is smooth, with no ring.

White knight

The stem is 3–8 cm tall and 0.8–1.5 cm thick, cylindrical, sometimes slightly wider at the base. It's white to pale yellowish brown, powdery at the top, finely fibrous lower down, and slowly browns when handled.

There is no ring, no veil remnants and no bag-like volva at the base. If you find such a sac, you're holding an amanita.

Flesh

Fool's funnel

The flesh is thin, white, watery and brittle, and it doesn't change colour when cut. The smell is faint and sweetish, the taste mild: dangerously "normal".

White knight

The flesh is white and firm, thick in the cap, and doesn't change colour noticeably when cut (some authors note a faint pink tint). The taste is acrid and burning, with bitterness.

Smell

Fool's funnel

Faint, sweetish and nondescript, with nothing alarming about it. The taste is mild. Neither the smell nor the taste gives away that it's poisonous.

White knight

The smell is strong and unpleasant: sharp like radish, with a sickly sweet note of honey and a mealy edge when cut. Young specimens smell less, mature ones can be smelt from a distance. A nauseating chemical smell, like cooked beetroot or coal gas, belongs more to its relatives, the chemical knight of birch woods and the gassy knight (Tricholoma inamoenum).

Related comparisons

Sources · 16

  • [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [3]MycoBank Database
  • [4]Index Fungorum
  • [5]GBIF
  • [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [7]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
  • [8]Wikipedia (English)
  • [9]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [10]Funga Nordica: Tricholoma (Christensen & Heilmann-Clausen 2008), Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. (2008)
  • [11]Heilmann-Clausen J. et al. Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters. Persoonia, 2017, 38: 38–57, Heilmann-Clausen J., Christensen M., Frøslev T.G., Kjøller R. (2017)
  • [12]Wikipedia (de): Strohblasser Ritterling
  • [13]Wikigrib: Рядовка белая
  • [14]Svampguiden: Chemical Knight (Tricholoma stiparophyllum)
  • [15]Pegler D.N., Watling R. British toxic fungi. Bulletin of the British Mycological Society, 1982, 16(1): 66–75, Pegler D.N., Watling R. (1982)
  • [16]Diaz J.H. Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 2005, 33(2): 427–436, Diaz J.H. (2005)