How to tell Fool's funnel from White knight
Fool's funnel and White knight look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Fool's funnel is poisonous, while White knight is poisonous. The main visible difference: smell: Fool's funnel — floury, White knight — unpleasant, radish-like, honey. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: size. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.
Not sure? Identify by photoSide by side
| Characteristic | Fool's funnel | White knight |
|---|---|---|
| Size | Fool's funnel: Small (up to 5 cm) | White knight: Medium (5–15 cm) |
| Cap colour | Fool's funnel: White, Cream, Pink | White knight: White, Cream, Pale yellow |
| Cap shape | Fool's funnel: Flat | White knight: Convex, Flat, Umbonate |
| Cap surface | Fool's funnel: Smooth | White knight: Dry, Smooth |
| Taste | Fool's funnel: Mild | White knight: Acrid, Bitter |
| Smell | Fool's funnel: Floury | White knight: Unpleasant, Radish-like, Honey |
| Stem | Fool's funnel: Central | White knight: Central, Solid |
| Substrate | Fool's funnel: Soil | White knight: Soil, Leaf litter |
| Nutrition type | Fool's funnel: Saprotroph | White knight: Mycorrhizal |
| Partner trees | Fool's funnel: — | White knight: Oak, Beech, Hornbeam, Hazel, Birch |
| Growth habit | Fool's funnel: In groups, In rings | White knight: In groups, In rings, Solitary |
Same in both: edibility class, season, use, flesh colour change, hymenophore.
POISONOUS
Eating it causes poisoning. Do not pick it unless you have identified it with certainty.
Toxin: muscarine in high concentration. Symptoms start fast, 15-60 minutes after eating. This is the classic muscarinic syndrome (PSL): profuse salivation (litres of it), heavy sweating that soaks through clothing, tearing, runny nose, constricted pupils (miosis), bronchospasm with a feeling of suffocation, bradycardia down to 30-40 bpm, a drop in blood pressure, intestinal cramps, diarrhoea and nausea. Severe cases bring collapse, pulmonary oedema and a risk of cardiac arrest. The antidote is atropine, given in hospital under ECG monitoring. If you suspect poisoning, call 112 or your local emergency number immediately. Keep the mushroom remains and any vomit. The prognosis is favourable with prompt treatment (1-2 hours).
If you suspect poisoning, call your local emergency number (112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) immediately
POISONOUS
Eating it causes poisoning. Do not pick it unless you have identified it with certainty.
If you suspect poisoning, call your local emergency number (112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) immediately
When and where they meet
Together: August–November
What they look like
Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell
Cap
Fool's funnel
The cap is 2-5 cm across, convex when young, becoming flat and spread out or slightly funnel-shaped, with a thin wavy margin. It's whitish to cream, with characteristic pinkish-cream concentric zones or streaks running from the centre to the margin, a diagnostic feature. The surface is silky-matte and somewhat sticky in wet weather.
White knight
The cap is 4–10 cm across. Young caps are conical to convex with an inrolled margin, then flatten out around a small, low boss, often with a wavy edge. In the white knight the margin is smooth; a ribbed margin points more to the chemical knight of birch woods.
The colour is white to cream, sometimes with a pale yellow tinge. With age the centre turns ochre or yellowish brown, and old caps develop ochre spots. The surface is dry, matt and smooth, and stays dry even in rain.
Hymenophore
Fool's funnel
The gills are crowded and thin, running decurrent down the stem (typical of the genus Clitocybe). They're whitish to pale pink. The spore print is white.
White knight
The gills are white, later pale yellowish, thick, fairly distant and of unequal length. They are clearly notched just before the stem, and their edges are finely toothed.
The spore print is white. Pink or chocolate-brown gills mean a field mushroom relative; gills running down the stem point to a funnel.
Stem
Fool's funnel
The stem is 2-5 cm tall and 0.4-0.8 cm thick, slender, cylindrical and often curved. It's whitish to cream, with white mycelial fuzz at the base. The surface is smooth, with no ring.
White knight
The stem is 3–8 cm tall and 0.8–1.5 cm thick, cylindrical, sometimes slightly wider at the base. It's white to pale yellowish brown, powdery at the top, finely fibrous lower down, and slowly browns when handled.
There is no ring, no veil remnants and no bag-like volva at the base. If you find such a sac, you're holding an amanita.
Flesh
Fool's funnel
The flesh is thin, white, watery and brittle, and it doesn't change colour when cut. The smell is faint and sweetish, the taste mild: dangerously "normal".
White knight
The flesh is white and firm, thick in the cap, and doesn't change colour noticeably when cut (some authors note a faint pink tint). The taste is acrid and burning, with bitterness.
Smell
Fool's funnel
Faint, sweetish and nondescript, with nothing alarming about it. The taste is mild. Neither the smell nor the taste gives away that it's poisonous.
White knight
The smell is strong and unpleasant: sharp like radish, with a sickly sweet note of honey and a mealy edge when cut. Young specimens smell less, mature ones can be smelt from a distance. A nauseating chemical smell, like cooked beetroot or coal gas, belongs more to its relatives, the chemical knight of birch woods and the gassy knight (Tricholoma inamoenum).
Related comparisons
Sources · 16
- [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
- [3]MycoBank Database
- [4]Index Fungorum
- [5]GBIF
- [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
- [7]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
- [8]Wikipedia (English)
- [9]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
- [10]Funga Nordica: Tricholoma (Christensen & Heilmann-Clausen 2008), Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. (2008)
- [11]Heilmann-Clausen J. et al. Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters. Persoonia, 2017, 38: 38–57, Heilmann-Clausen J., Christensen M., Frøslev T.G., Kjøller R. (2017)
- [12]Wikipedia (de): Strohblasser Ritterling
- [13]Wikigrib: Рядовка белая
- [14]Svampguiden: Chemical Knight (Tricholoma stiparophyllum)
- [15]Pegler D.N., Watling R. British toxic fungi. Bulletin of the British Mycological Society, 1982, 16(1): 66–75, Pegler D.N., Watling R. (1982)
- [16]Diaz J.H. Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 2005, 33(2): 427–436, Diaz J.H. (2005)