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How to tell Horse mushroom from White knight

White knight is poisonous

Horse mushroom and White knight look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Horse mushroom is edible, while White knight is poisonous. The main visible difference: ring (veil): Horse mushroom — ring present, White knight — no ring. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: flesh colour change, smell, size. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Horse mushroomWhite knight
Comparison of characteristics: Horse mushroom and White knight
Edibility classHorse mushroom: EdibleWhite knight: Poisonous
UseHorse mushroom: Cook fresh, Drying, PicklingWhite knight: Not eaten
SizeHorse mushroom: Large (over 15 cm)White knight: Medium (5–15 cm)
Cap colourHorse mushroom: White, CreamWhite knight: White, Cream, Pale yellow
Cap shapeHorse mushroom: ConvexWhite knight: Convex, Flat, Umbonate
Cap surfaceHorse mushroom: SmoothWhite knight: Dry, Smooth
TasteHorse mushroom: MildWhite knight: Acrid, Bitter
SmellHorse mushroom: Pleasant, Anise, AlmondWhite knight: Unpleasant, Radish-like, Honey
Flesh colour changeHorse mushroom: YellowingWhite knight: No change
StemHorse mushroom: CentralWhite knight: Central, Solid
Ring (veil)Horse mushroom: Ring presentWhite knight: No ring
SubstrateHorse mushroom: Soil, DungWhite knight: Soil, Leaf litter
Nutrition typeHorse mushroom: SaprotrophWhite knight: Mycorrhizal
Partner treesHorse mushroom: —White knight: Oak, Beech, Hornbeam, Hazel, Birch
Growth habitHorse mushroom: In rings, In groupsWhite knight: In groups, In rings, Solitary

Same in both: season, hymenophore.

When and where they meet

Together: August–November

Their seasons overlap: August–November. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Our cards list no shared habitats.

Horse mushroom

Fruiting season

June – November

White knight

Fruiting season

August – November

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Horse mushroom

The cap is 6-20 cm across; in young mushrooms it's firmly hemispherical to egg-shaped, often with the margin rolled under, later becoming convex to flat. The colour is pure white to cream, with subtle yellowish tints in old mushrooms; it stains yellow to ochre when touched. The surface is smooth, slightly sticky in wet weather, dry and matte in dry weather, sometimes with fine fibrous scales in the centre.

White knight

The cap is 4–10 cm across. Young caps are conical to convex with an inrolled margin, then flatten out around a small, low boss, often with a wavy edge. In the white knight the margin is smooth; a ribbed margin points more to the chemical knight of birch woods.

The colour is white to cream, sometimes with a pale yellow tinge. With age the centre turns ochre or yellowish brown, and old caps develop ochre spots. The surface is dry, matt and smooth, and stays dry even in rain.

Hymenophore

Horse mushroom

The gills are free and crowded, greyish-white with a pinkish tinge when young, becoming dark brown to chocolate-blackish with age. The spore print is dark brown.

White knight

The gills are white, later pale yellowish, thick, fairly distant and of unequal length. They are clearly notched just before the stem, and their edges are finely toothed.

The spore print is white. Pink or chocolate-brown gills mean a field mushroom relative; gills running down the stem point to a funnel.

Stem

Horse mushroom

The stem is 6-12 cm tall and 1.5-3 cm thick, stout, fleshy and cylindrical, slightly thickened at the base, and white to cream. Near the top is a large membranous double ring with a characteristic "toothed" lower edge (like a cogwheel), a key feature of the species.

White knight

The stem is 3–8 cm tall and 0.8–1.5 cm thick, cylindrical, sometimes slightly wider at the base. It's white to pale yellowish brown, powdery at the top, finely fibrous lower down, and slowly browns when handled.

There is no ring, no veil remnants and no bag-like volva at the base. If you find such a sac, you're holding an amanita.

Flesh

Horse mushroom

The flesh is firm, meaty and white; when cut, it slowly yellows in the cap and upper stem. It does not redden (unlike A. silvaticus). The smell is distinctly anise-almond, a characteristic feature of the species.

White knight

The flesh is white and firm, thick in the cap, and doesn't change colour noticeably when cut (some authors note a faint pink tint). The taste is acrid and burning, with bitterness.

Smell

Horse mushroom

Distinctly anise-almond and fruity, and this is the most telling feature. Rub the flesh between your fingers to bring it out. It's one of the most pleasant smells you'll come across while foraging.

White knight

The smell is strong and unpleasant: sharp like radish, with a sickly sweet note of honey and a mealy edge when cut. Young specimens smell less, mature ones can be smelt from a distance. A nauseating chemical smell, like cooked beetroot or coal gas, belongs more to its relatives, the chemical knight of birch woods and the gassy knight (Tricholoma inamoenum).

Related comparisons

Sources · 16

  • [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [3]MycoBank Database
  • [4]Index Fungorum
  • [5]GBIF
  • [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [7]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
  • [8]Wikipedia (English)
  • [9]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [10]Funga Nordica: Tricholoma (Christensen & Heilmann-Clausen 2008), Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. (2008)
  • [11]Heilmann-Clausen J. et al. Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters. Persoonia, 2017, 38: 38–57, Heilmann-Clausen J., Christensen M., Frøslev T.G., Kjøller R. (2017)
  • [12]Wikipedia (de): Strohblasser Ritterling
  • [13]Wikigrib: Рядовка белая
  • [14]Svampguiden: Chemical Knight (Tricholoma stiparophyllum)
  • [15]Pegler D.N., Watling R. British toxic fungi. Bulletin of the British Mycological Society, 1982, 16(1): 66–75, Pegler D.N., Watling R. (1982)
  • [16]Diaz J.H. Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 2005, 33(2): 427–436, Diaz J.H. (2005)