How to tell Jewelled amanita from Yellow knight
Jewelled amanita and Yellow knight look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Jewelled amanita is poisonous, while Yellow knight is poisonous. The main visible difference: volva: Jewelled amanita — volva present, Yellow knight — no volva. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: ring (veil), smell. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.
Not sure? Identify by photoSide by side
| Characteristic | Jewelled amanita | Yellow knight |
|---|---|---|
| Season | Jewelled amanita: Summer, Autumn | Yellow knight: Autumn |
| Use | Jewelled amanita: Not eaten | Yellow knight: — |
| Cap colour | Jewelled amanita: Yellow, Pale yellow, Cream | Yellow knight: Yellow, Olive, Green |
| Cap surface | Jewelled amanita: Scaly, Smooth, Slimy | Yellow knight: Slimy |
| Taste | Jewelled amanita: Mild | Yellow knight: Mild, Mealy taste |
| Smell | Jewelled amanita: Odourless, Radish-like | Yellow knight: Floury |
| Stem | Jewelled amanita: Central, Bulbous | Yellow knight: Central, Solid |
| Ring (veil) | Jewelled amanita: Ring present, Ring remnants | Yellow knight: No ring |
| Volva | Jewelled amanita: Volva present | Yellow knight: No volva |
| Partner trees | Jewelled amanita: Pine, Spruce, Oak, Beech, Birch | Yellow knight: Pine |
| Growth habit | Jewelled amanita: Solitary, In groups | Yellow knight: In groups |
Same in both: edibility class, size, cap shape, flesh colour change, hymenophore, substrate, nutrition type.
POISONOUS
Eating it causes poisoning. Do not pick it unless you have identified it with certainty.
If you suspect poisoning, call your local emergency number (112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) immediately
POISONOUS
Eating it causes poisoning. Do not pick it unless you have identified it with certainty.
It has a cumulative effect on skeletal muscle, and cases of rhabdomyolysis have been described. The severe cases followed several meals in a row, 100–400 g each, but no safe amount has been established, so we give no portion limits and do not recommend eating it.
If you suspect poisoning, call your local emergency number (112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) immediately
When and where they meet
Together: September–November
What they look like
Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell
Cap
Jewelled amanita
The cap is 4 to 10 cm across, occasionally up to 12 cm. It starts convex, almost bell-shaped, then opens out flat, sometimes with a slight dip in the middle.
The colour runs from pale straw to bright egg-yolk yellow, usually darker and more ochre in the centre, and older caps fade to cream. The surface is slightly sticky in wet weather. Flat white flakes, the remains of the universal veil, sit on top, thickest in the centre. They come off easily and rain washes them away, so a cap can be completely smooth. The margin of a mature cap is grooved, with short lines like the teeth of a comb.
Yellow knight
The cap is 4–12 cm across, flat-convex or with a low hump in the centre. It's yellowish green or olive yellow, dry or slightly moist, and often darker in the centre, with characteristic small fibrous scales. The margin is uneven and wavy.
Hymenophore
Jewelled amanita
The gills are free or only just touch the stem, crowded, soft and white, and may turn slightly yellowish in old specimens.
The spore print is white. The spores are smooth and broadly ellipsoid, roughly 8–11 × 6.5–8.5 µm, but that only shows under a microscope.
Yellow knight
The gills are crowded and yellow or yellow-green (the same colour as the cap or brighter); yellow gills are one of the key identification features. They're attached to the stem. The spore print is white.
Stem
Jewelled amanita
The stem is slender, 5 to 12 cm long and 0.5 to 1.5 cm thick, white or pale yellowish, smooth or finely downy, and fragile.
The ring is thin and membranous, like a little skirt, and sits halfway down the stem or lower. It doesn't last: often all that's left is a faint mark, and old specimens may have no ring at all. So a missing ring doesn't mean it isn't an amanita.
At the bottom the stem has a small rounded bulb. The volva hugs it tightly and ends in a narrow free collar at the top, sometimes broken into one or two rings or flakes. It isn't a tall sack as in the grisettes, nor a large, abruptly cut-off bulb as in the false death cap. The bulb is often sunk in the soil, so the mushroom needs to be dug up.
Yellow knight
The stem is 4–8 cm tall and 1–2 cm thick, firm, solid and cylindrical, yellowish or yellow-green, and partly buried in sand. There's no ring and no volva.
Flesh
Jewelled amanita
The flesh is white, sometimes slightly yellowish in the stem, thin, and doesn't change colour when cut.
Yellow knight
The flesh is firm, white or slightly yellowish, and doesn't change colour when cut. The taste is mild, mealy or slightly radish-like, with no bitterness.
Smell
Jewelled amanita
The smell is faint, hardly noticeable. Some authors mention a slight radish note, but most field guides say there's no distinctive smell. The only lookalike you can tell by smell is the false death cap, which smells of raw potato.
Yellow knight
The smell is mealy, slightly like cucumber or radish, as in many Clitocybe and Tricholoma species, with nothing unpleasant about it. In some mushrooms it's stronger and recalls fresh flour.
Related comparisons
Sources · 24
- [1]Index Fungorum
- [2]GBIF
- [3]iNaturalist Ukraine
- [4]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
- [5]MushroomExpert.com, Michael Kuo
- [6]Wikipedia (English)
- [7]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [8]Википедия (русская)
- [9]First Nature: Amanita citrina, False Deathcap
- [10]First Nature: Amanita pantherina, Panthercap
- [11]First Nature: Amanita crocea, Orange Grisette
- [12]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
- [13]IPCS INCHEM: Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others, Poisons Information Monograph G026
- [14]Moss M.J., Hendrickson R.G. Toxicity of muscimol and ibotenic acid containing mushrooms reported to a regional poison control center from 2002-2016. Clinical Toxicology, 2019, 57(2): 99-103, Moss M.J., Hendrickson R.G. (2019)
- [15]Vendramin A., Brvar M. Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina poisoning: two syndromes. Toxicon, 2014, 90: 269-272, Vendramin A., Brvar M. (2014)
- [16]Sierralta A. et al. Mushroom poisoning in the IX region. Role of Amanita gemmata. Revista Médica de Chile, 1994, 122(7): 795-802, Sierralta A. et al. (1994)
- [17]Duffy T.J. Toxic Fungi of Western North America (MykoWeb): isoxazole poisoning, Duffy T.J.
- [18]First Nature: Amanita gemmata, Jewelled Amanita
- [19]First Nature: Russula ochroleuca, Ochre Brittlegill
- [20]Kuo M., MushroomExpert: Amanita gemmata
- [21]Wild Food UK: Jewelled Amanita
- [22]Wikipedia (de): Narzissengelber Wulstling
- [23]Wikipedia (en): Amanita muscaria
- [24]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)