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Dead man's fingers or Candlesnuff fungus

Dead man's fingers and Candlesnuff fungus are similar species that can be mixed up while foraging. The main visible difference: stem: Dead man's fingers — central, Candlesnuff fungus — absent.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Dead man's fingersCandlesnuff fungus
Comparison of characteristics: Dead man's fingers and Candlesnuff fungus
Cap colourDead man's fingers: Black, Grey, Dark brownCandlesnuff fungus: Black, White
Cap shapeDead man's fingers: Cylindrical, IrregularCandlesnuff fungus: Irregular
Cap surfaceDead man's fingers: Dry, CrackedCandlesnuff fungus: —
SmellDead man's fingers: OdourlessCandlesnuff fungus: —
StemDead man's fingers: CentralCandlesnuff fungus: Absent
Partner treesDead man's fingers: Beech, OakCandlesnuff fungus: Oak, Beech, Hornbeam, Birch

Same in both: edibility class, season, use, size, flesh colour change, substrate, nutrition type, growth habit.

When and where they meet

Together: January–December

Their seasons overlap: January–December. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Shared habitats: deciduous forest, mixed forest.

Dead man's fingers

Fruiting season

January – December

Candlesnuff fungus

Fruiting season

January – December

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Dead man's fingers

There's no cap. The fruit body is shaped like a finger, club, spindle or tuber, often flattened, lobed, bent or fused, 3 to 8 cm tall, occasionally 10 cm, and 1 to 3 cm thick, with a rounded tip. It grows in tufts of three to six.

Young ones are greyish or pale brown, dusted with a pale powder of asexual spores, often with a paler tip. Mature ones are dark brown to black, dry and finely granular or wrinkled from the spore flasks under the surface.

Candlesnuff fungus

There's no cap. The fruit body, or stroma, is upright, cylindrical or flattened, often twisted, 3 to 5 cm tall, occasionally 8 cm, and 2 to 8 mm thick. It can be a simple spike, but it's usually forked at the top like antlers.

The lower part is black and finely velvety. In autumn the upper part is white or greyish, dusted with asexual spores. As the sexual spores ripen, the whole stroma turns black and tiny bumps with pores appear on the upper part.

Hymenophore

Dead man's fingers

There are no gills or pores. The spores ripen in tiny flasks (perithecia) sunk under the black crust, each opening by a tiny pore. When cut, they show as a row of black dots.

The spore print is black.

Candlesnuff fungus

There are no gills or pores. The spores ripen in tiny chambers just below the surface of the upper part of the stroma.

The spore print is black.

Stem

Dead man's fingers

There's no true stem: the finger narrows below into a short, black, finely downy base attached to wood, which is often buried in the soil.

Candlesnuff fungus

There's no separate stem: the black, velvety base of the stroma runs into the forked upper part.

Flesh

Dead man's fingers

The flesh is snow-white, hard and fibrous, under a thin black crust, with a row of black dots just beneath the crust.

Candlesnuff fungus

The flesh is thin, tough, springy and whitish. The stroma bends or snaps but is never jelly-like or slimy.

Smell

Dead man's fingers

There's no distinctive smell.

Candlesnuff fungus

The smell isn't distinctive.

Related comparisons

Sources · 24

  • [1]Index Fungorum
  • [2]Species Fungorum
  • [3]GBIF
  • [4]Wikipedia (English)
  • [5]First Nature: Xylaria polymorpha, Dead Man's Fingers
  • [6]First Nature: Xylaria longipes
  • [7]First Nature: Kretzschmaria deusta
  • [8]First Nature: Geoglossum cookeanum
  • [9]Wild Food UK: Dead Man's Fingers
  • [10]Kuo M., MushroomExpert: Xylaria polymorpha
  • [11]Wikipedia (de): Vielgestaltige Holzkeule
  • [12]Wikigrib: Ксилярия многообразная
  • [13]Atamanchuk A.R., Bisko N.A. Plant & Fungal Research, 2022, 5(2): 11–19 (Xylaria strains from Ukraine), Atamanchuk A.R., Bisko N.A. (2022)
  • [14]Debnath S. et al. New distribution record of five species of Xylaria from Tripura, Northeast India. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences, 2018, 8(1): 1–10, Debnath S. et al. (2018)
  • [15]Tudor D., Robinson S.C., Cooper P.A. AMB Express, 2012, 2: 69 (pigments of Xylaria in spalted wood), Tudor D., Robinson S.C., Cooper P.A. (2012)
  • [16]GBIF: знахідки Xylaria polymorpha в Україні
  • [17]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [18]First Nature: Xylaria hypoxylon, Candlesnuff Fungus
  • [19]First Nature: Calocera viscosa, Yellow Stagshorn
  • [20]Atamanchuk A.R., Bisko N.A. Cultural and morphological characteristics of three wood-inhabiting Xylaria species from Ukraine. Plant & Fungal Research, 2022, 5(2): 11–19, Atamanchuk A.R., Bisko N.A. (2022)
  • [21]Вікіпедія (українська): Ксиларія
  • [22]NatureSpot: Xylaria hypoxylon, Candlesnuff Fungus (photo of bioluminescence, 2017)
  • [23]GBIF: знахідки Xylaria hypoxylon в Україні
  • [24]Wikigrib: Ксилярия Гипоксилон