How to tell Tawny funnel from Fool's funnel
Tawny funnel and Fool's funnel look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Tawny funnel is conditionally edible, while Fool's funnel is poisonous. The main visible difference: cap colour: Tawny funnel — orange, rusty, brown, Fool's funnel — white, cream, pink. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: smell, cap shape, size. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.
Not sure? Identify by photoSide by side
| Characteristic | Tawny funnel | Fool's funnel |
|---|---|---|
| Edibility class | Tawny funnel: Conditionally edible | Fool's funnel: Poisonous |
| Season | Tawny funnel: Autumn, Winter | Fool's funnel: Summer, Autumn |
| Use | Tawny funnel: Culinary | Fool's funnel: Not eaten |
| Size | Tawny funnel: Medium (5–15 cm) | Fool's funnel: Small (up to 5 cm) |
| Cap colour | Tawny funnel: Orange, Rusty, Brown | Fool's funnel: White, Cream, Pink |
| Cap shape | Tawny funnel: Funnel-shaped, Depressed, Convex | Fool's funnel: Flat |
| Taste | Tawny funnel: Mild, Bitter | Fool's funnel: Mild |
| Smell | Tawny funnel: Pleasant, Odourless | Fool's funnel: Floury |
| Stem | Tawny funnel: Central, Hollow | Fool's funnel: Central |
| Substrate | Tawny funnel: Conifer needle litter, Leaf litter, Forest litter, Soil | Fool's funnel: Soil |
| Partner trees | Tawny funnel: Pine, Spruce, Fir, Oak, Beech, Hornbeam | Fool's funnel: — |
Same in both: cap surface, flesh colour change, hymenophore, nutrition type, growth habit.
POISONOUS
Eating it causes poisoning. Do not pick it unless you have identified it with certainty.
Toxin: muscarine in high concentration. Symptoms start fast, 15-60 minutes after eating. This is the classic muscarinic syndrome (PSL): profuse salivation (litres of it), heavy sweating that soaks through clothing, tearing, runny nose, constricted pupils (miosis), bronchospasm with a feeling of suffocation, bradycardia down to 30-40 bpm, a drop in blood pressure, intestinal cramps, diarrhoea and nausea. Severe cases bring collapse, pulmonary oedema and a risk of cardiac arrest. The antidote is atropine, given in hospital under ECG monitoring. If you suspect poisoning, call 112 or your local emergency number immediately. Keep the mushroom remains and any vomit. The prognosis is favourable with prompt treatment (1-2 hours).
If you suspect poisoning, call your local emergency number (112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) immediately
When and where they meet
Together: September–November
What they look like
Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell
Cap
Tawny funnel
The cap is 4–10 cm across, occasionally bigger. Young caps are convex with an inrolled margin, then flatten, sink in the centre and become funnel-shaped, often with a wavy edge and little spouts. Late in the season caps can stay squat, with hardly any dip.
The colour is tawny, orange-brown, brick or reddish brown, and paler, almost yellowish in some specimens. The surface is smooth: shiny in mushrooms from conifer woods, matt and silky in those from broadleaf woods. As it dries the cap fades to buff, and old caps develop darker spots that give a marbled look.
Fool's funnel
The cap is 2-5 cm across, convex when young, becoming flat and spread out or slightly funnel-shaped, with a thin wavy margin. It's whitish to cream, with characteristic pinkish-cream concentric zones or streaks running from the centre to the margin, a diagnostic feature. The surface is silky-matte and somewhat sticky in wet weather.
Hymenophore
Tawny funnel
The gills are very crowded and narrow, with many short gills in between, and run far down the stem. They start whitish or cream, turn tawny cream and then brownish in old specimens, but always stay paler than the cap. They don't fork, and they come away from the flesh fairly easily.
The spore print is white to cream, sometimes with a faint pinkish tint. A brown print means it isn't a tawny funnel; the brown rollrim, for example, gives one.
Fool's funnel
The gills are crowded and thin, running decurrent down the stem (typical of the genus Clitocybe). They're whitish to pale pink. The spore print is white.
Stem
Tawny funnel
The stem is 3–7 cm tall and 0.5–1.5 cm thick, the same colour as the cap but paler. It's tough, slightly fibrous, and becomes hollow with age.
The base is covered in fluffy white mycelium that binds needles and litter into a clump. There is no ring, no veil remnants and no volva.
Fool's funnel
The stem is 2-5 cm tall and 0.4-0.8 cm thick, slender, cylindrical and often curved. It's whitish to cream, with white mycelial fuzz at the base. The surface is smooth, with no ring.
Flesh
Tawny funnel
The flesh is thin, especially in the cap, whitish to pale cream, doesn't change colour when broken and has no milk. The taste is unremarkable, sometimes slightly bitter.
Fool's funnel
The flesh is thin, white, watery and brittle, and it doesn't change colour when cut. The smell is faint and sweetish, the taste mild: dangerously "normal".
Smell
Tawny funnel
The smell is faint, sweetish or slightly spicy, and in many specimens barely noticeable. Don't rely on smell to identify it: the toxic look-alike Paralepistopsis amoenolens also smells sweet and floral, only more strongly.
Fool's funnel
Faint, sweetish and nondescript, with nothing alarming about it. The taste is mild. Neither the smell nor the taste gives away that it's poisonous.
Related comparisons
Sources · 19
- [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
- [3]MycoBank Database
- [4]Index Fungorum
- [5]GBIF
- [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
- [7]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
- [8]MushroomExpert.com, Michael Kuo
- [9]Wikipedia (English)
- [10]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
- [11]Wikigrib: Говорушка перевёрнутая
- [12]Wild Food UK: Tawny Funnel
- [13]Wikipedia (de): Fuchsiger Rötelritterling
- [14]Wikipedia (fr): Clitocybe inversé
- [15]Wikipedia (de): Parfümierter Trichterling
- [16]Saviuc P.F. et al. Erythromelalgia and mushroom poisoning. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, 2001, 39(4): 403–407, Saviuc P.F. et al. (2001)
- [17]Saviuc P.F. et al. Acute erythermalgia: look for mushrooms! La Revue de Médecine Interne, 2002, 23(4): 394–399, Saviuc P.F. et al. (2002)
- [18]Saviuc P., Danel V. New syndromes in mushroom poisoning. Toxicological Reviews, 2006, 25(3): 199–209, Saviuc P., Danel V. (2006)
- [19]Çolak Ö.F., Kaygusuz O., Battistin E. Paralepistopsis amoenolens, a new record for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences, 2017, 2(2): 175–179, Çolak Ö.F., Kaygusuz O., Battistin E. (2017)