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How to tell Scaly knight from Tacked knight

Tacked knight is poisonous
All about Scaly knight
All about Tacked knight

Scaly knight and Tacked knight look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Scaly knight is conditionally edible, while Tacked knight is poisonous. The main visible difference: flesh colour change: Scaly knight — reddening, Tacked knight — darkens. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: cap surface, cap shape, size. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Scaly knightTacked knight
Comparison of characteristics: Scaly knight and Tacked knight
Edibility classScaly knight: Conditionally edibleTacked knight: Poisonous
UseScaly knight: Cook freshTacked knight: Not eaten
SizeScaly knight: Small (up to 5 cm)Tacked knight: Medium (5–15 cm)
Cap colourScaly knight: Red, BrownTacked knight: Brown, Chestnut, Dark brown, Mottled
Cap shapeScaly knight: UmbonateTacked knight: Convex, Flat, Depressed
Cap surfaceScaly knight: ScalyTacked knight: Slimy, Smooth
TasteScaly knight: BitterTacked knight: Mealy taste, Bitter
Flesh colour changeScaly knight: ReddeningTacked knight: Darkens
StemScaly knight: CentralTacked knight: Central, Solid
SubstrateScaly knight: SoilTacked knight: Soil, Conifer needle litter
Partner treesScaly knight: Pine, SpruceTacked knight: Pine, Spruce, Fir
Growth habitScaly knight: In groups, In ringsTacked knight: In groups, Solitary

Same in both: season, smell, hymenophore, nutrition type.

When and where they meet

Together: August–October

Their seasons overlap: August–October. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Shared habitats: conifer forest, mixed forest.

Scaly knight

Fruiting season

August – October

Tacked knight

Fruiting season

August – November

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Scaly knight

The cap is 3-8 cm across, distinctly conical or bell-shaped when young, becoming flat-conical with a low, broad umbo with age. The cap skin is dry and fibrous-scaly, with distinctly raised fine scales, especially toward the margin (where they're often curled back). The colour is rusty chestnut-red, with a darker centre and a paler margin, slightly darker in wet weather. The margin is inrolled when young, with felty veil remnants.

Tacked knight

The cap is 5–15 cm across. Young caps are hemispherical to convex with an inrolled margin, then flatten out, sometimes with a shallow dip in the centre when old, and the edge can be wavy. The surface is smooth, without obvious radial fibres, slimy and shiny when wet and tacky when dry.

The colour is reddish brown, chestnut or yellowish brown, paler and greyish pink towards the margin, which isn't grooved. The cap often has small dark yellowish brown spots that look like dried drops, but some caps have none.

Hymenophore

Scaly knight

The gills are sinuately attached to the stem, moderately crowded and fleshy. They start whitish and with age become cream-coloured with distinct rusty spots on the edges and faces, a characteristic feature. Spore print white.

Tacked knight

The gills are white or cream, later pale brownish, crowded and notched or attached by a tooth at the stem. On old fruit bodies, and where they've been knocked, they develop rusty brown spots.

The spore print is white.

Stem

Scaly knight

The stem is 4-8 cm tall and 0.7-1.5 cm thick, cylindrical, hollow in old mushrooms. It's whitish at the top, brownish-chestnut and scaly-fibrous below. The surface is dry and fibrous, with characteristic raised scales similar to those on the cap. No ring.

Tacked knight

The stem is 3–8 cm tall and 1–2.5 cm thick, cylindrical, sometimes slightly wider at the base, firm, and may become hollow with age. It's white, smooth or faintly fibrous, slowly browns with handling and age, and is rusty brown at the base.

There is no ring, no ring zone and no volva. Nor is there a sharply defined white band at the top of the stem; that's more typical of Tricholoma albobrunneum.

Flesh

Scaly knight

The flesh is thin, brittle, whitish to cream; where cut it turns pinkish or slowly takes on a brownish-red tint. The smell is faintly mealy or unpleasantly musty, the taste distinctly bitterish and astringent.

Tacked knight

The flesh is white and firm, sometimes brownish under the cap skin and at the stem base. It doesn't change colour noticeably when cut but slowly browns after long handling. The taste is mealy with a slight bitterness.

Smell

Scaly knight

Faintly mealy with a hint of rotting wood, not especially pleasant.

Tacked knight

The smell is mealy, like fresh flour; some authors describe it as stale, sourish flour. It doesn't help with identification, because the edible poplar and matt knights smell of meal too.

Related comparisons

Sources · 17

  • [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [3]MycoBank Database
  • [4]Index Fungorum
  • [5]GBIF
  • [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [7]Wikipedia (English)
  • [8]Wikipedia (polska)
  • [9]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [10]Funga Nordica: Tricholoma (Christensen & Heilmann-Clausen 2008), Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. (2008)
  • [11]Heilmann-Clausen J. et al. Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters. Persoonia, 2017, 38: 38–57, Heilmann-Clausen J., Christensen M., Frøslev T.G., Kjøller R. (2017)
  • [12]Wikipedia (ru): Рядовка пятнистая
  • [13]Wikigrib: Рядовка пятнистая
  • [14]Suber N. Vergiftungen mit braunen Ritterlingen. Westfälische Pilzbriefe, Bd. 1, Heft 12, Suber N.
  • [15]Graeme K.A. Mycetism: a review of the recent literature. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2014, 10(2): 173–189, Graeme K.A. (2014)
  • [16]Diaz J.H. Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 2005, 33(2): 427–436, Diaz J.H. (2005)
  • [17]Bioimages: Tricholoma pessundatum (Tacked Knight)