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How to tell St George's mushroom from White knight

White knight is poisonous

St George's mushroom and White knight look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but St George's mushroom is edible, while White knight is poisonous. The main visible difference: smell: St George's mushroom — floury, White knight — unpleasant, radish-like, honey. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

St George's mushroomWhite knight
Comparison of characteristics: St George's mushroom and White knight
Edibility classSt George's mushroom: EdibleWhite knight: Poisonous
SeasonSt George's mushroom: SpringWhite knight: Summer, Autumn
UseSt George's mushroom: Cook fresh, Drying, PicklingWhite knight: Not eaten
Cap colourSt George's mushroom: White, CreamWhite knight: White, Cream, Pale yellow
Cap shapeSt George's mushroom: ConvexWhite knight: Convex, Flat, Umbonate
Cap surfaceSt George's mushroom: SmoothWhite knight: Dry, Smooth
TasteSt George's mushroom: MildWhite knight: Acrid, Bitter
SmellSt George's mushroom: FlouryWhite knight: Unpleasant, Radish-like, Honey
StemSt George's mushroom: CentralWhite knight: Central, Solid
SubstrateSt George's mushroom: SoilWhite knight: Soil, Leaf litter
Nutrition typeSt George's mushroom: SaprotrophWhite knight: Mycorrhizal
Partner treesSt George's mushroom: —White knight: Oak, Beech, Hornbeam, Hazel, Birch
Growth habitSt George's mushroom: In rings, In groupsWhite knight: In groups, In rings, Solitary

Same in both: size, flesh colour change, hymenophore.

When and where they meet

Their seasons don't overlap

Their seasons don't overlap. St George's mushroom: April–June; White knight: August–November. Shared habitats: deciduous forest, mixed forest.

St George's mushroom

Fruiting season

April – June

White knight

Fruiting season

August – November

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

St George's mushroom

The cap is 5-15 cm across (large and fleshy). Young caps are hemispherical with an inrolled margin, becoming flat-convex with age, and in old mushrooms flat and spread out with a wavy margin. The skin is smooth, dry and matte in wet weather, with a fine felty fibrousness. The colour is creamy white or ochre-cream, with a faint brownish tint at the centre; old caps are creamy ochre. The margin is even: inrolled when young, wavy and irregular when old.

White knight

The cap is 4–10 cm across. Young caps are conical to convex with an inrolled margin, then flatten out around a small, low boss, often with a wavy edge. In the white knight the margin is smooth; a ribbed margin points more to the chemical knight of birch woods.

The colour is white to cream, sometimes with a pale yellow tinge. With age the centre turns ochre or yellowish brown, and old caps develop ochre spots. The surface is dry, matt and smooth, and stays dry even in rain.

Hymenophore

St George's mushroom

The gills are notched (emarginate) at the stem, very crowded, thin and fleshy. They're pure white to creamy white, with no pink or green tint, which is a diagnostic feature: it sets the mushroom apart from the poisonous Entoloma sinuatum, whose gills turn pink. The spore print is white.

White knight

The gills are white, later pale yellowish, thick, fairly distant and of unequal length. They are clearly notched just before the stem, and their edges are finely toothed.

The spore print is white. Pink or chocolate-brown gills mean a field mushroom relative; gills running down the stem point to a funnel.

Stem

St George's mushroom

The stem is 3-7 cm tall and 1.5-3 cm thick, much shorter and thicker than the cap is wide (hence gambosa, "short-legged"). It's cylindrical, thickening toward the base, firm and fleshy, white to creamy white, and smooth, with fine lengthwise fibres in the lower part. There's no ring.

White knight

The stem is 3–8 cm tall and 0.8–1.5 cm thick, cylindrical, sometimes slightly wider at the base. It's white to pale yellowish brown, powdery at the top, finely fibrous lower down, and slowly browns when handled.

There is no ring, no veil remnants and no bag-like volva at the base. If you find such a sac, you're holding an amanita.

Flesh

St George's mushroom

The flesh is very firm, fleshy and pure white, and it does not change colour when cut. The smell is distinctly mealy, sharp and characteristic (like freshly milled flour or dough); the taste is sweetish and nutty, with no bitterness.

White knight

The flesh is white and firm, thick in the cap, and doesn't change colour noticeably when cut (some authors note a faint pink tint). The taste is acrid and burning, with bitterness.

Smell

St George's mushroom

Distinctly mealy, like freshly milled flour or raw dough — a diagnostic feature, easy to notice on a cut surface.

White knight

The smell is strong and unpleasant: sharp like radish, with a sickly sweet note of honey and a mealy edge when cut. Young specimens smell less, mature ones can be smelt from a distance. A nauseating chemical smell, like cooked beetroot or coal gas, belongs more to its relatives, the chemical knight of birch woods and the gassy knight (Tricholoma inamoenum).

Related comparisons

Sources · 16

  • [1]Index Fungorum
  • [2]GBIF
  • [3]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [4]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
  • [5]Wikipedia (English)
  • [6]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [7]Funga Nordica: Tricholoma (Christensen & Heilmann-Clausen 2008), Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. (2008)
  • [8]Heilmann-Clausen J. et al. Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters. Persoonia, 2017, 38: 38–57, Heilmann-Clausen J., Christensen M., Frøslev T.G., Kjøller R. (2017)
  • [9]Wikipedia (de): Strohblasser Ritterling
  • [10]Wikigrib: Рядовка белая
  • [11]Svampguiden: Chemical Knight (Tricholoma stiparophyllum)
  • [12]Pegler D.N., Watling R. British toxic fungi. Bulletin of the British Mycological Society, 1982, 16(1): 66–75, Pegler D.N., Watling R. (1982)
  • [13]Diaz J.H. Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 2005, 33(2): 427–436, Diaz J.H. (2005)
  • [14]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [15]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [16]MycoBank Database