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Black bulgar or Witches' butter

Black bulgar and Witches' butter are similar species that can be mixed up while foraging. Compare the colour and shape of the cap, the stem, the flesh and the smell, as well as the season and habitat — details in the table below.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Black bulgarWitches' butter
Comparison of characteristics: Black bulgar and Witches' butter
SeasonBlack bulgar: AutumnWitches' butter: Spring, Autumn, Winter
TasteBlack bulgar: UnknownWitches' butter: —
SubstrateBlack bulgar: Dead woodWitches' butter: Dead wood, On wood
Partner treesBlack bulgar: Oak, Beech, AspenWitches' butter: Oak, Hornbeam, Beech

Same in both: edibility class, use, size, colour, smell, flesh colour change, nutrition type, growth habit.

When and where they meet

Together: January–March, November–December

Their seasons overlap: January–March, November–December. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Shared habitats: deciduous forest, mixed forest.

Black bulgar

Fruiting season

January, February, March, September, October, November, December

Witches' butter

Fruiting season

January, February, March, April, November, December

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Black bulgar

Fruiting bodies 1.5–4 cm across and 1–4 cm tall. Young ones are rounded and closed, like black buttons or drops of resin; with age they open into shallow cups or discs. The outside is dark brown and rough; the inside (where the hymenium is) is smooth, black and shiny.

Witches' butter

Fresh fruit bodies are jelly-like and rubbery, button-shaped or pressed flat at first and attached at a narrow point, sometimes with a short stalk-like base, then top-shaped or almost cup-shaped, usually 1 to 5 cm across. They grow singly or in groups and sometimes partly fuse.

They're dark grey to brownish grey, later brownish black, almost black. The upper surface is uneven and dotted with small black pegs.

Hymenophore

Black bulgar

Smooth, forming the shiny black upper surface of the cup. The spore print is black, and that's what "stains" your hands. Spores dark brown, 12–14 × 6–7 µm, smooth.

Witches' butter

The spores form on the pegged upper surface. The underside is sterile and felty, covered in dense blackish hairs.

The spore print is white.

Stem

Black bulgar

Practically no stem. The fruiting body is sessile, attached to the wood by a broad base.

Witches' butter

There's no true stem: it's attached to the bark at a narrow point or by a short base.

Flesh

Black bulgar

Flesh rubbery, gelatinous, blackish brown. Not firm or brittle, but rather elastic. Doesn't change colour when cut.

Witches' butter

The flesh is jelly-like, soft to fairly firm, watery olive-grey to greyish brown. In dry weather it shrinks to a thin black crust, then swells again after rain.

Smell

Black bulgar

No distinct smell. Taste indistinct; we don't taste it, since the mushroom is inedible.

Witches' butter

The smell is indistinct.

Related comparisons

Sources · 14

  • [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [3]MycoBank Database
  • [4]Index Fungorum
  • [5]GBIF
  • [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [7]Wikipedia (English)
  • [8]Википедия (русская)
  • [9]Spirin V., Malysheva V., Schoutteten N. et al. Exidia and Exidiopsis (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota): a reconsideration. IMA Fungus, 2026, 17: e189042, Spirin V., Malysheva V., Schoutteten N. et al. (2026)
  • [10]First Nature: Exidia glandulosa, Witches' Butter
  • [11]First Nature: Exidia nigricans, Warlock's Butter
  • [12]First Nature: Bulgaria inquinans, Black Bulgar
  • [13]Emberger G., MushroomExpert (Fungi on Wood): Exidia glandulosa
  • [14]Wikipedia (de): Stoppeliger Drüsling