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How to tell Booted knight from Tacked knight

Tacked knight is poisonous

Booted knight and Tacked knight look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Booted knight is inedible, while Tacked knight is poisonous. The main visible difference: ring (veil): Booted knight — ring present, Tacked knight — no ring. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: flesh colour change, cap surface. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Booted knightTacked knight
Comparison of characteristics: Booted knight and Tacked knight
Edibility classBooted knight: Conditionally edibleTacked knight: Poisonous
UseBooted knight: Cook fresh, PicklingTacked knight: Not eaten
Cap colourBooted knight: Orange, BrownTacked knight: Brown, Chestnut, Dark brown, Mottled
Cap shapeBooted knight: ConvexTacked knight: Convex, Flat, Depressed
Cap surfaceBooted knight: FibrousTacked knight: Slimy, Smooth
TasteBooted knight: BitterTacked knight: Mealy taste, Bitter
Flesh colour changeBooted knight: No changeTacked knight: Darkens
StemBooted knight: CentralTacked knight: Central, Solid
Ring (veil)Booted knight: Ring presentTacked knight: No ring
SubstrateBooted knight: SoilTacked knight: Soil, Conifer needle litter
Partner treesBooted knight: Pine, SpruceTacked knight: Pine, Spruce, Fir
Growth habitBooted knight: In groupsTacked knight: In groups, Solitary

Same in both: season, size, smell, hymenophore, nutrition type.

When and where they meet

Together: August–October

Their seasons overlap: August–October. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Shared habitats: conifer forest.

Booted knight

Fruiting season

August – October

Tacked knight

Fruiting season

August – November

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Booted knight

The cap is 6-15 cm across, convex with an inrolled margin when young, becoming flat-expanded with age. The skin is matte, with fine radial fibres. The colour is orange-chestnut or ochre-orange, richer in the centre and paler toward the margin; old fruiting bodies turn brownish ochre with rusty spots. The margin is even, with remnants of the ring membrane when young.

Tacked knight

The cap is 5–15 cm across. Young caps are hemispherical to convex with an inrolled margin, then flatten out, sometimes with a shallow dip in the centre when old, and the edge can be wavy. The surface is smooth, without obvious radial fibres, slimy and shiny when wet and tacky when dry.

The colour is reddish brown, chestnut or yellowish brown, paler and greyish pink towards the margin, which isn't grooved. The cap often has small dark yellowish brown spots that look like dried drops, but some caps have none.

Hymenophore

Booted knight

The gills are notched (sinuate) where they meet the stem, crowded and fleshy. They're whitish when young, turning creamy with rusty spots at the edges with age. The spore print is white, which is diagnostic: it sets the species apart from webcaps, whose spore print is rusty brown.

Tacked knight

The gills are white or cream, later pale brownish, crowded and notched or attached by a tooth at the stem. On old fruit bodies, and where they've been knocked, they develop rusty brown spots.

The spore print is white.

Stem

Booted knight

The stem is 5-10 cm tall and 1.5-3 cm thick, firm and fleshy, with a distinct membranous ring in the upper third, which is unusual for the genus Tricholoma. It's white above the ring and orange-ochre below, matching the cap. The surface is fibrous, scaly-fibrous below the ring.

Tacked knight

The stem is 3–8 cm tall and 1–2.5 cm thick, cylindrical, sometimes slightly wider at the base, firm, and may become hollow with age. It's white, smooth or faintly fibrous, slowly browns with handling and age, and is rusty brown at the base.

There is no ring, no ring zone and no volva. Nor is there a sharply defined white band at the top of the stem; that's more typical of Tricholoma albobrunneum.

Flesh

Booted knight

The flesh is firm, fleshy and whitish, and doesn't change colour where cut. The smell is distinctly mealy; the taste is mild at first, then bitterish-mealy, but that goes away after boiling.

Tacked knight

The flesh is white and firm, sometimes brownish under the cap skin and at the stem base. It doesn't change colour noticeably when cut but slowly browns after long handling. The taste is mealy with a slight bitterness.

Smell

Booted knight

A distinct mealy smell, a diagnostic feature of the genus, especially clear when cut and in young mushrooms.

Tacked knight

The smell is mealy, like fresh flour; some authors describe it as stale, sourish flour. It doesn't help with identification, because the edible poplar and matt knights smell of meal too.

Related comparisons

Sources · 17

  • [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [3]MycoBank Database
  • [4]Index Fungorum
  • [5]GBIF
  • [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [7]Wikipedia (English)
  • [8]Wikipedia (polska)
  • [9]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [10]Funga Nordica: Tricholoma (Christensen & Heilmann-Clausen 2008), Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. (2008)
  • [11]Heilmann-Clausen J. et al. Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters. Persoonia, 2017, 38: 38–57, Heilmann-Clausen J., Christensen M., Frøslev T.G., Kjøller R. (2017)
  • [12]Wikipedia (ru): Рядовка пятнистая
  • [13]Wikigrib: Рядовка пятнистая
  • [14]Suber N. Vergiftungen mit braunen Ritterlingen. Westfälische Pilzbriefe, Bd. 1, Heft 12, Suber N.
  • [15]Graeme K.A. Mycetism: a review of the recent literature. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 2014, 10(2): 173–189, Graeme K.A. (2014)
  • [16]Diaz J.H. Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 2005, 33(2): 427–436, Diaz J.H. (2005)
  • [17]Bioimages: Tricholoma pessundatum (Tacked Knight)