How to tell Dog stinkhorn from Destroying angel
Dog stinkhorn and Destroying angel look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Dog stinkhorn is inedible, while Destroying angel is deadly poisonous. Compare the colour and shape of the cap, the stem, the flesh and the smell, as well as the season and habitat — details in the table below. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.
Not sure? Identify by photoSide by side
| Characteristic | Dog stinkhorn | Destroying angel |
|---|---|---|
| Edibility class | Dog stinkhorn: Inedible | Destroying angel: Deadly poisonous |
| Colour | Dog stinkhorn: Orange, White, Pale yellow | Destroying angel: White, Cream |
| Cap shape | Dog stinkhorn: — | Destroying angel: Convex, Umbonate |
| Cap surface | Dog stinkhorn: — | Destroying angel: Smooth |
| Taste | Dog stinkhorn: — | Destroying angel: Unknown |
| Smell | Dog stinkhorn: Unpleasant | Destroying angel: Chemical, Unpleasant |
| Hymenophore | Dog stinkhorn: — | Destroying angel: Gilled |
| Stem | Dog stinkhorn: — | Destroying angel: Bulbous |
| Ring (veil) | Dog stinkhorn: — | Destroying angel: Ring present |
| Volva | Dog stinkhorn: — | Destroying angel: Volva present |
| Substrate | Dog stinkhorn: Soil, Leaf litter, Dead wood | Destroying angel: Soil |
| Nutrition type | Dog stinkhorn: Saprotroph | Destroying angel: Mycorrhizal |
| Partner trees | Dog stinkhorn: — | Destroying angel: Spruce, Pine, Birch |
| Growth habit | Dog stinkhorn: In groups | Destroying angel: Solitary |
Same in both: season, use, size, flesh colour change.
DEADLY POISONOUS
Eating it can cause death. Do not pick it and do not taste it.
It contains amatoxins (α-amanitin, β-amanitin, γ-amanitin) and phallotoxins, the most powerful natural liver toxins known. A single mushroom contains a lethal dose for an adult. Poisoning unfolds in three phases:
Phase 1 (6-24 hours after eating, most often 8-12) — acute gastroenteritis: severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery or bloody diarrhoea, dehydration. This phase lasts until roughly 36 hours after the meal.
Phase 2 (36-72 h after eating): the "deceptive improvement." The gastroenteritis subsides, the person feels better and often leaves the hospital. This is the most dangerous moment, because the toxins are meanwhile destroying liver cells.
Phase 3 (from day three) — acute liver and kidney failure: jaundice, bleeding, encephalopathy, coma. It can end in death from liver failure or require a liver transplant.
What to do if you suspect poisoning: call an ambulance immediately and don't wait for symptoms. The best results come from treatment started within the first 36 hours after eating, but still go if more time has passed: late does not mean pointless. Treatment: silibinin (intravenous), intensive care, activated charcoal (repeated doses), hemodialysis, IV fluids. Keep the mushroom remains (bits of the cap, soil from where it was found): this is critical for identifying the toxin.
Prevention: no white gilled mushroom with a ring and a volva goes into the basket. No exceptions. Agaricus mushrooms and parasols have quite different features (see the FAQ).
If you suspect poisoning, call your local emergency number (112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) immediately
When and where they meet
Together: August–October
What they look like
Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell
Cap
Dog stinkhorn
There's no separate cap. The top of the stem is pointed, orange-red and finely bumpy, and only the tip is covered in sticky, shiny dark olive slime that carries the spores. Once flies have eaten it, the tip shows bright orange.
Destroying angel
The cap is 5-12 cm across, egg-shaped when young, then bell-shaped or conical, often slightly lopsided, and finally spreading with a boss. It is entirely white or creamy white, slightly yellowish in the centre in old mushrooms. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather. The mature cap has no scales, no warts and no veil remnants (unlike the fly agaric or Caesar's mushroom).
Hymenophore
Dog stinkhorn
There are no gills or pores: the spores are carried in the olive slime at the tip. There's no ordinary spore print; the spores are pale yellow in mass.
Destroying angel
The gills are white and free (not attached to the stem) and moderately crowded. The spore print is white. As in the rest of Amanita section Phalloideae, to which this species belongs, the gills stay white and free even in mature mushrooms, unlike those of Agaricus.
Stem
Dog stinkhorn
The stem is 6 to 15 cm tall and about 1 cm thick, cylindrical, hollow, spongy and pitted like expanded polystyrene, white, pale yellow or pale orange, often curved and fragile.
At the base the remains of the egg form a white sac (volva) with white mycelial cords. The young fungus looks like a white or yellowish egg 2 to 3 cm across, half buried in leaf litter.
Destroying angel
The stem is 8-15 cm tall and 1-2 cm thick, cylindrical, long and slender, with a sac-like volva at the base (a remnant of the universal veil that looks like an eggshell). It is entirely white. Near the top is a white membranous ring, firm in young mushrooms and sometimes gone in old ones. The stem surface often has thin white flaky scales and fibres.
Flesh
Dog stinkhorn
The stem walls are spongy like polystyrene, whitish to pale orange. Inside the egg, a layer of clear jelly lies under the skin.
Destroying angel
The flesh is firm and entirely white and doesn't change colour when cut, like many edible mushrooms, so that tells you nothing. The smell is like radish in a very young mushroom, then turns unpleasant and sickly sweet, sometimes with a hint of chlorine, hence the epithet "stinking" in its Ukrainian name. In young mushrooms the smell is still faint, so don't rely on it as the only sign.
Smell
Dog stinkhorn
The smell is unpleasant and carrion-like, but much weaker than the common stinkhorn's.
Destroying angel
Faint, unpleasant and sickly sweet, sometimes with a hint of chlorine, especially in old mushrooms and when the flesh is damaged. It tells you nothing about safety: the smell develops only with time, and a young mushroom with no distinct smell can still end up in the basket and cause fatal poisoning.
Related comparisons
Sources · 18
- [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
- [3]MycoBank Database
- [4]Index Fungorum
- [5]GBIF
- [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
- [7]Species Fungorum
- [8]Wikipedia (English)
- [9]Википедия (русская)
- [10]Червона книга України: Мутин собачий Mutinus caninus
- [11]First Nature: Mutinus caninus, Dog Stinkhorn
- [12]First Nature: Phallus impudicus, Stinkhorn
- [13]Wild Food UK: Dog Stinkhorn
- [14]Kuo M., MushroomExpert: Stinkhorns
- [15]Kuo M., MushroomExpert: Mutinus ravenelii
- [16]Wikipedia (de): Gemeine Hundsrute
- [17]Wikigrib: Мутинус собачий
- [18]GBIF: знахідки Mutinus caninus в Україні