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How to tell Ivory woodwax from White knight

White knight is poisonous

Ivory woodwax and White knight look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Ivory woodwax is edible, while White knight is poisonous. The main visible difference: cap surface: Ivory woodwax — slimy, White knight — dry, smooth. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: smell. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Ivory woodwaxWhite knight
Comparison of characteristics: Ivory woodwax and White knight
Edibility classIvory woodwax: EdibleWhite knight: Poisonous
SeasonIvory woodwax: AutumnWhite knight: Summer, Autumn
UseIvory woodwax: Cook fresh, Pickling, SaltingWhite knight: Not eaten
Cap colourIvory woodwax: White, CreamWhite knight: White, Cream, Pale yellow
Cap shapeIvory woodwax: ConvexWhite knight: Convex, Flat, Umbonate
Cap surfaceIvory woodwax: SlimyWhite knight: Dry, Smooth
TasteIvory woodwax: MildWhite knight: Acrid, Bitter
SmellIvory woodwax: Pleasant, mushroomyWhite knight: Unpleasant, Radish-like, Honey
StemIvory woodwax: CentralWhite knight: Central, Solid
SubstrateIvory woodwax: SoilWhite knight: Soil, Leaf litter
Partner treesIvory woodwax: Beech, Oak, HornbeamWhite knight: Oak, Beech, Hornbeam, Hazel, Birch
Growth habitIvory woodwax: In groupsWhite knight: In groups, In rings, Solitary

Same in both: size, flesh colour change, hymenophore, nutrition type.

When and where they meet

Together: August–November

Their seasons overlap: August–November. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Shared habitats: deciduous forest, mixed forest.

Ivory woodwax

Fruiting season

July – November

White knight

Fruiting season

August – November

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Ivory woodwax

The cap is 4-8 cm (4-5 cm in young ones), hemispherical at first, then convex to flattened with a small umbo. It's white or creamy white with a faint yellowish tint, especially at the centre. In wet weather the surface is moist and slimy, with a thick layer of clear slime; in dry weather it dries out and becomes smooth.

White knight

The cap is 4–10 cm across. Young caps are conical to convex with an inrolled margin, then flatten out around a small, low boss, often with a wavy edge. In the white knight the margin is smooth; a ribbed margin points more to the chemical knight of birch woods.

The colour is white to cream, sometimes with a pale yellow tinge. With age the centre turns ochre or yellowish brown, and old caps develop ochre spots. The surface is dry, matt and smooth, and stays dry even in rain.

Hymenophore

Ivory woodwax

The gills are widely spaced, thick and decurrent (typical of the genus), white at first and cream with age. The spore print is white.

White knight

The gills are white, later pale yellowish, thick, fairly distant and of unequal length. They are clearly notched just before the stem, and their edges are finely toothed.

The spore print is white. Pink or chocolate-brown gills mean a field mushroom relative; gills running down the stem point to a funnel.

Stem

Ivory woodwax

The stem is up to 10 cm tall and 0.5-1.5 cm thick, cylindrical or tapering toward the base. It's white and slimy in wet weather, with a white mealy coating at the top. It's hollow inside, with no ring.

White knight

The stem is 3–8 cm tall and 0.8–1.5 cm thick, cylindrical, sometimes slightly wider at the base. It's white to pale yellowish brown, powdery at the top, finely fibrous lower down, and slowly browns when handled.

There is no ring, no veil remnants and no bag-like volva at the base. If you find such a sac, you're holding an amanita.

Flesh

Ivory woodwax

The flesh is white, firm in young mushrooms and watery with age. It doesn't change colour when cut, and the mushroomy taste is faint and unremarkable.

White knight

The flesh is white and firm, thick in the cap, and doesn't change colour noticeably when cut (some authors note a faint pink tint). The taste is acrid and burning, with bitterness.

Smell

Ivory woodwax

A faint, mildly pleasant mushroomy smell; some sources mention a hint of almond or resin. The taste is bland and mild.

White knight

The smell is strong and unpleasant: sharp like radish, with a sickly sweet note of honey and a mealy edge when cut. Young specimens smell less, mature ones can be smelt from a distance. A nauseating chemical smell, like cooked beetroot or coal gas, belongs more to its relatives, the chemical knight of birch woods and the gassy knight (Tricholoma inamoenum).

Related comparisons

Sources · 16

  • [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [3]MycoBank Database
  • [4]Index Fungorum
  • [5]GBIF
  • [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [7]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
  • [8]Wikipedia (English)
  • [9]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [10]Funga Nordica: Tricholoma (Christensen & Heilmann-Clausen 2008), Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. (2008)
  • [11]Heilmann-Clausen J. et al. Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters. Persoonia, 2017, 38: 38–57, Heilmann-Clausen J., Christensen M., Frøslev T.G., Kjøller R. (2017)
  • [12]Wikipedia (de): Strohblasser Ritterling
  • [13]Wikigrib: Рядовка белая
  • [14]Svampguiden: Chemical Knight (Tricholoma stiparophyllum)
  • [15]Pegler D.N., Watling R. British toxic fungi. Bulletin of the British Mycological Society, 1982, 16(1): 66–75, Pegler D.N., Watling R. (1982)
  • [16]Diaz J.H. Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 2005, 33(2): 427–436, Diaz J.H. (2005)