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How to tell Meadow waxcap from Ivory funnel

Ivory funnel is poisonous

Meadow waxcap and Ivory funnel look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Meadow waxcap is edible, while Ivory funnel is poisonous. The main visible difference: smell: Meadow waxcap — odourless, Ivory funnel — floury. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: cap shape, size. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Meadow waxcapIvory funnel
Comparison of characteristics: Meadow waxcap and Ivory funnel
Edibility classMeadow waxcap: EdibleIvory funnel: Poisonous
SeasonMeadow waxcap: Autumn, WinterIvory funnel: Summer, Autumn
UseMeadow waxcap: Cook freshIvory funnel: Not eaten
SizeMeadow waxcap: Medium (5–15 cm)Ivory funnel: Small (up to 5 cm)
Cap colourMeadow waxcap: Orange, Cream, BrownIvory funnel: White, Cream
Cap shapeMeadow waxcap: Convex, Flat, UmbonateIvory funnel: Funnel-shaped
Cap surfaceMeadow waxcap: Dry, SmoothIvory funnel: Smooth
SmellMeadow waxcap: OdourlessIvory funnel: Floury
StemMeadow waxcap: Central, Solid, HollowIvory funnel: Central
Nutrition typeMeadow waxcap: —Ivory funnel: Saprotroph
Growth habitMeadow waxcap: Solitary, In groups, In ringsIvory funnel: In groups, In rings

Same in both: taste, flesh colour change, hymenophore, substrate.

When and where they meet

Together: August–November

Their seasons overlap: August–November. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Shared habitats: meadow.

Meadow waxcap

Fruiting season

August – December

Ivory funnel

Fruiting season

August – November

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Meadow waxcap

The cap is 2 to 8 cm across, up to 10 to 12 cm in large specimens. It starts convex, then flattens, often with a broad bump or a slightly sunken centre, and has a thin margin. The surface is dry and matt, smooth or with faint flattened fibres, slightly slippery in wet weather, and may crack with age.

The colour is pale salmon, apricot, orange-buff or brownish orange, fading to pale buff with age. A rare form is entirely white.

Ivory funnel

Cap 2-5 cm across, convex when young, becoming funnel-shaped over time, with a depressed centre and a thin wavy margin. Colour whitish, cream, with pale grey or ochre patches; silky-sheened in wet weather, chalky white when dry. Surface smooth, with barely visible radial streaks.

Hymenophore

Meadow waxcap

The gills are thick, broad, widely spaced, waxy to the touch and clearly decurrent, often running more than a centimetre down the stem. Many shorter gills sit between them, and older caps develop cross-veins. They start whitish or cream and later take on the cap colour.

The spore print is white. These thick, distant, decurrent gills are the best way to tell it from its lookalikes.

Ivory funnel

Gilled hymenophore. Gills crowded, thin, decurrent down the stem (a hallmark of the genus Clitocybe). Colour whitish to cream. Spore print white.

Stem

Meadow waxcap

The stem is 3 to 8 cm tall and 0.5 to 1.5 cm thick, sturdy, solid and later hollow, tapering towards the base. It's white or cream, tinged with the cap colour at the top, and always paler than the cap. There's no ring or volva.

Ivory funnel

Stem 2-4 cm tall, 0.3-0.8 cm thick, slender, cylindrical, often curved. Colour whitish to cream, with white mycelial fuzz at the base. Surface smooth, no ring. Stem flesh firm.

Flesh

Meadow waxcap

The flesh is thick in the cap, whitish, pale orange or pinkish buff, and doesn't change colour when cut.

Ivory funnel

The flesh is thin, white, watery and brittle, and doesn't change colour when cut. It has a faint, pleasant smell (slightly sweet, or mealy according to some guides) and a mild taste, and that's what makes it so treacherous: it smells and tastes "right", so nothing sets off alarm bells.

Smell

Meadow waxcap

The smell and taste aren't distinctive. There's no mealy smell, unlike the oak woodwax.

Ivory funnel

Faint and indistinct, slightly sweet; some guides describe it as mealy. This adds to the danger: the smell raises no suspicion. Never rely on smell when identifying mushrooms of this size.

Related comparisons

Sources · 18

  • [1]Index Fungorum
  • [2]GBIF
  • [3]Wikipedia (English)
  • [4]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [5]First Nature: Cuphophyllus pratensis, Meadow Waxcap
  • [6]First Nature: Hygrophorus nemoreus, Oak Woodwax
  • [7]Kuo M., MushroomExpert: Cuphophyllus pratensis
  • [8]Plantlife: UK Waxcap ID guide, 2024
  • [9]Galloway Wild Foods: Waxcap fungi
  • [10]Wikipedia (en): Waxcap grassland
  • [11]Wikipedia (de): Orangefarbener Wiesen-Ellerling
  • [12]Wikigrib: Гигрофор луговой
  • [13]Chvikov V., Prylutskyi O. Annotated checklist of Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) of Ukraine. Biodiversity, Ecology and Experimental Biology, 2020, 22(2): 6–23, Chvikov V., Prylutskyi O. (2020)
  • [14]Halbwachs H. et al. Isotopic evidence of biotrophy and unusual nitrogen nutrition in soil-dwelling Hygrophoraceae. Environmental Microbiology, 2018, Halbwachs H. et al. (2018)
  • [15]GBIF: знахідки Cuphophyllus pratensis в Україні
  • [16]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [17]MycoBank Database
  • [18]iNaturalist Ukraine