How to tell Meadow waxcap from Ivory funnel
Meadow waxcap and Ivory funnel look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Meadow waxcap is edible, while Ivory funnel is poisonous. The main visible difference: smell: Meadow waxcap — odourless, Ivory funnel — floury. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: cap shape, size. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.
Not sure? Identify by photoSide by side
| Characteristic | Meadow waxcap | Ivory funnel |
|---|---|---|
| Edibility class | Meadow waxcap: Edible | Ivory funnel: Poisonous |
| Season | Meadow waxcap: Autumn, Winter | Ivory funnel: Summer, Autumn |
| Use | Meadow waxcap: Cook fresh | Ivory funnel: Not eaten |
| Size | Meadow waxcap: Medium (5–15 cm) | Ivory funnel: Small (up to 5 cm) |
| Cap colour | Meadow waxcap: Orange, Cream, Brown | Ivory funnel: White, Cream |
| Cap shape | Meadow waxcap: Convex, Flat, Umbonate | Ivory funnel: Funnel-shaped |
| Cap surface | Meadow waxcap: Dry, Smooth | Ivory funnel: Smooth |
| Smell | Meadow waxcap: Odourless | Ivory funnel: Floury |
| Stem | Meadow waxcap: Central, Solid, Hollow | Ivory funnel: Central |
| Nutrition type | Meadow waxcap: — | Ivory funnel: Saprotroph |
| Growth habit | Meadow waxcap: Solitary, In groups, In rings | Ivory funnel: In groups, In rings |
Same in both: taste, flesh colour change, hymenophore, substrate.
POISONOUS
Eating it causes poisoning. Do not pick it unless you have identified it with certainty.
Toxin: muscarine in high concentration. Symptoms begin fast, 15-60 minutes after eating. It's the classic muscarinic syndrome (PSL): profuse salivation (by the litre), sweating that soaks through clothing, watering eyes, runny nose, constricted pupils (miosis), bronchospasm with a feeling of suffocation, bradycardia down to 30-40 bpm, low blood pressure, intestinal cramps, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Severe cases bring collapse, pulmonary oedema and a risk of cardiac arrest. The antidote is atropine (in hospital, under ECG monitoring). If you suspect poisoning, call 112 or your local emergency number immediately. Keep any leftover mushrooms and the vomit. With prompt treatment (1-2 hours) the outlook is good; without help it is potentially dangerous.
If you suspect poisoning, call your local emergency number (112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) immediately
When and where they meet
Together: August–November
What they look like
Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell
Cap
Meadow waxcap
The cap is 2 to 8 cm across, up to 10 to 12 cm in large specimens. It starts convex, then flattens, often with a broad bump or a slightly sunken centre, and has a thin margin. The surface is dry and matt, smooth or with faint flattened fibres, slightly slippery in wet weather, and may crack with age.
The colour is pale salmon, apricot, orange-buff or brownish orange, fading to pale buff with age. A rare form is entirely white.
Ivory funnel
Cap 2-5 cm across, convex when young, becoming funnel-shaped over time, with a depressed centre and a thin wavy margin. Colour whitish, cream, with pale grey or ochre patches; silky-sheened in wet weather, chalky white when dry. Surface smooth, with barely visible radial streaks.
Hymenophore
Meadow waxcap
The gills are thick, broad, widely spaced, waxy to the touch and clearly decurrent, often running more than a centimetre down the stem. Many shorter gills sit between them, and older caps develop cross-veins. They start whitish or cream and later take on the cap colour.
The spore print is white. These thick, distant, decurrent gills are the best way to tell it from its lookalikes.
Ivory funnel
Gilled hymenophore. Gills crowded, thin, decurrent down the stem (a hallmark of the genus Clitocybe). Colour whitish to cream. Spore print white.
Stem
Meadow waxcap
The stem is 3 to 8 cm tall and 0.5 to 1.5 cm thick, sturdy, solid and later hollow, tapering towards the base. It's white or cream, tinged with the cap colour at the top, and always paler than the cap. There's no ring or volva.
Ivory funnel
Stem 2-4 cm tall, 0.3-0.8 cm thick, slender, cylindrical, often curved. Colour whitish to cream, with white mycelial fuzz at the base. Surface smooth, no ring. Stem flesh firm.
Flesh
Meadow waxcap
The flesh is thick in the cap, whitish, pale orange or pinkish buff, and doesn't change colour when cut.
Ivory funnel
The flesh is thin, white, watery and brittle, and doesn't change colour when cut. It has a faint, pleasant smell (slightly sweet, or mealy according to some guides) and a mild taste, and that's what makes it so treacherous: it smells and tastes "right", so nothing sets off alarm bells.
Smell
Meadow waxcap
The smell and taste aren't distinctive. There's no mealy smell, unlike the oak woodwax.
Ivory funnel
Faint and indistinct, slightly sweet; some guides describe it as mealy. This adds to the danger: the smell raises no suspicion. Never rely on smell when identifying mushrooms of this size.
Related comparisons
Sources · 18
- [1]Index Fungorum
- [2]GBIF
- [3]Wikipedia (English)
- [4]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [5]First Nature: Cuphophyllus pratensis, Meadow Waxcap
- [6]First Nature: Hygrophorus nemoreus, Oak Woodwax
- [7]Kuo M., MushroomExpert: Cuphophyllus pratensis
- [8]Plantlife: UK Waxcap ID guide, 2024
- [9]Galloway Wild Foods: Waxcap fungi
- [10]Wikipedia (en): Waxcap grassland
- [11]Wikipedia (de): Orangefarbener Wiesen-Ellerling
- [12]Wikigrib: Гигрофор луговой
- [13]Chvikov V., Prylutskyi O. Annotated checklist of Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) of Ukraine. Biodiversity, Ecology and Experimental Biology, 2020, 22(2): 6–23, Chvikov V., Prylutskyi O. (2020)
- [14]Halbwachs H. et al. Isotopic evidence of biotrophy and unusual nitrogen nutrition in soil-dwelling Hygrophoraceae. Environmental Microbiology, 2018, Halbwachs H. et al. (2018)
- [15]GBIF: знахідки Cuphophyllus pratensis в Україні
- [16]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
- [17]MycoBank Database
- [18]iNaturalist Ukraine