How to tell Porcelain fungus from Destroying angel
Porcelain fungus and Destroying angel look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Porcelain fungus is conditionally edible, while Destroying angel is deadly poisonous. The main visible difference: volva: Porcelain fungus — no volva, Destroying angel — volva present. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: stem, substrate, cap surface. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.
Not sure? Identify by photoSide by side
| Characteristic | Porcelain fungus | Destroying angel |
|---|---|---|
| Edibility class | Porcelain fungus: Conditionally edible | Destroying angel: Deadly poisonous |
| Season | Porcelain fungus: Spring, Summer, Autumn | Destroying angel: Summer, Autumn |
| Use | Porcelain fungus: Cook fresh | Destroying angel: Not eaten |
| Cap colour | Porcelain fungus: White, Grey, Cream | Destroying angel: White, Cream |
| Cap shape | Porcelain fungus: Convex, Flat | Destroying angel: Convex, Umbonate |
| Cap surface | Porcelain fungus: Slimy | Destroying angel: Smooth |
| Taste | Porcelain fungus: Mild | Destroying angel: Unknown |
| Smell | Porcelain fungus: Odourless | Destroying angel: Chemical, Unpleasant |
| Stem | Porcelain fungus: Central | Destroying angel: Bulbous |
| Volva | Porcelain fungus: No volva | Destroying angel: Volva present |
| Substrate | Porcelain fungus: Dead wood, Living tree, On wood | Destroying angel: Soil |
| Nutrition type | Porcelain fungus: Saprotroph, Parasite | Destroying angel: Mycorrhizal |
| Partner trees | Porcelain fungus: Beech, Oak | Destroying angel: Spruce, Pine, Birch |
| Growth habit | Porcelain fungus: In clusters from one base, In groups | Destroying angel: Solitary |
Same in both: size, flesh colour change, hymenophore, ring (veil).
DEADLY POISONOUS
Eating it can cause death. Do not pick it and do not taste it.
It contains amatoxins (α-amanitin, β-amanitin, γ-amanitin) and phallotoxins, the most powerful natural liver toxins known. A single mushroom contains a lethal dose for an adult. Poisoning unfolds in three phases:
Phase 1 (6-24 hours after eating, most often 8-12) — acute gastroenteritis: severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery or bloody diarrhoea, dehydration. This phase lasts until roughly 36 hours after the meal.
Phase 2 (36-72 h after eating): the "deceptive improvement." The gastroenteritis subsides, the person feels better and often leaves the hospital. This is the most dangerous moment, because the toxins are meanwhile destroying liver cells.
Phase 3 (from day three) — acute liver and kidney failure: jaundice, bleeding, encephalopathy, coma. It can end in death from liver failure or require a liver transplant.
What to do if you suspect poisoning: call an ambulance immediately and don't wait for symptoms. The best results come from treatment started within the first 36 hours after eating, but still go if more time has passed: late does not mean pointless. Treatment: silibinin (intravenous), intensive care, activated charcoal (repeated doses), hemodialysis, IV fluids. Keep the mushroom remains (bits of the cap, soil from where it was found): this is critical for identifying the toxin.
Prevention: no white gilled mushroom with a ring and a volva goes into the basket. No exceptions. Agaricus mushrooms and parasols have quite different features (see the FAQ).
If you suspect poisoning, call your local emergency number (112 in the EU, 999 in the UK) immediately
When and where they meet
Together: August–October
What they look like
Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell
Cap
Porcelain fungus
The cap is 2 to 8 cm across, occasionally up to 10 cm. It starts convex or hemispherical, then becomes broadly convex or flattened. Young caps are greyish or olive-grey, later white and translucent like porcelain, often with a faint ochre flush in the centre.
In wet weather it's coated in thick, clear slime, though young caps are almost dry. The margin is thin, and the gills show through it.
Destroying angel
The cap is 5-12 cm across, egg-shaped when young, then bell-shaped or conical, often slightly lopsided, and finally spreading with a boss. It is entirely white or creamy white, slightly yellowish in the centre in old mushrooms. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather. The mature cap has no scales, no warts and no veil remnants (unlike the fly agaric or Caesar's mushroom).
Hymenophore
Porcelain fungus
The gills are broad, very widely spaced, attached to the stem, white and translucent, and can turn slightly ochre with age.
The spore print is white and very abundant.
Destroying angel
The gills are white and free (not attached to the stem) and moderately crowded. The spore print is white. As in the rest of Amanita section Phalloideae, to which this species belongs, the gills stay white and free even in mature mushrooms, unlike those of Agaricus.
Stem
Porcelain fungus
The stem is 3 to 8 cm tall, occasionally up to 10 cm, and 3 to 10 mm thick, slim and tough, often curved, and slightly swollen at the base. It's white and finely lined above the ring, greyish and finely scaly below it.
The ring is white, membranous, prominent, slimy and grooved.
Destroying angel
The stem is 8-15 cm tall and 1-2 cm thick, cylindrical, long and slender, with a sac-like volva at the base (a remnant of the universal veil that looks like an eggshell). It is entirely white. Near the top is a white membranous ring, firm in young mushrooms and sometimes gone in old ones. The stem surface often has thin white flaky scales and fibres.
Flesh
Porcelain fungus
The flesh is thin and white, turning brownish at the stem base with age.
Destroying angel
The flesh is firm and entirely white and doesn't change colour when cut, like many edible mushrooms, so that tells you nothing. The smell is like radish in a very young mushroom, then turns unpleasant and sickly sweet, sometimes with a hint of chlorine, hence the epithet "stinking" in its Ukrainian name. In young mushrooms the smell is still faint, so don't rely on it as the only sign.
Smell
Porcelain fungus
The smell and taste aren't distinctive.
Destroying angel
Faint, unpleasant and sickly sweet, sometimes with a hint of chlorine, especially in old mushrooms and when the flesh is damaged. It tells you nothing about safety: the smell develops only with time, and a young mushroom with no distinct smell can still end up in the basket and cause fatal poisoning.
Related comparisons
Sources · 16
- [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
- [3]MycoBank Database
- [4]Index Fungorum
- [5]GBIF
- [6]iNaturalist Ukraine
- [7]Species Fungorum
- [8]Wikipedia (English)
- [9]Википедия (русская)
- [10]First Nature: Oudemansiella mucida, Porcelain Fungus
- [11]Wild Food UK: Porcelain Fungus
- [12]Wikipedia (en): Strobilurin
- [13]Niego A.G. et al. Oudemansiella and allied genera: a review of their bioactive compounds and uses. 2021, Niego A.G. et al. (2021)
- [14]Wikigrib: Удемансиелла слизистая
- [15]GBIF: знахідки Mucidula mucida в Україні
- [16]Naturalis: Porseleinzwam (Oudemansiella mucida)