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How to tell Slender pholiota from Funeral bell

How they differ, how to recognize them and which is more dangerous — a mushroom comparison

Warning: Funeral bell(Galerina marginata)

The short answer

Slender pholiota and Funeral bell look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Slender pholiota is unknown, while Funeral bell is deadly poisonous. Compare the color and shape of the cap, the stem, the flesh and the smell, as well as the season and habitat — details in the table below. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Funeral bell: a cluster of orange-brown mushrooms on a rotting willow trunk, with rusty rings on the slender stems and silvery fibres below the rings

Funeral bell

Galerina marginata

Deadly poisonousNot reviewed by an editor
Slender pholiota (Pholiota spumosa): several yellowish-orange caps on green moss

Slender pholiota

Pholiota spumosa

UnknownExpert-verified

📊 Comparing characteristics

⚠ Highlighted rows are the key differences between the edible and the dangerous mushroom

Comparison of characteristics: Funeral bell and Slender pholiota
⚠ Edibility class

Funeral bell

Deadly poisonous

Slender pholiota

Unknown
⚠ Season

Funeral bell

SummerAutumnWinter

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Use

Funeral bell

Not eaten

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Size

Funeral bell

Small (up to 5 cm)

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Cap color

Funeral bell

BrownRustyYellow

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Cap shape

Funeral bell

ConvexFlatUmbonate

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Cap surface

Funeral bell

SmoothSlimy

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Taste

Funeral bell

Mealy taste

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Smell

Funeral bell

FlouryNeutral

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Flesh color change

Funeral bell

No change

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Hymenophore

Funeral bell

Gilled

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Stem

Funeral bell

CentralHollow

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Ring (veil)

Funeral bell

Ring presentRing remnants

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Volva

Funeral bell

No volva

Slender pholiota

—
⚠ Substrate

Funeral bell

Dead woodOn woodMoss

Slender pholiota

—
Nutrition type

Funeral bell

Saprotroph

Slender pholiota

Saprotroph
⚠ Partner trees

Funeral bell

SprucePineFirBeechBirchAspenPoplarHornbeam

Slender pholiota

—

📅 Seasonality

Funeral bell

Fruiting season

June – December

Slender pholiota

Fruiting season

June – December

🔬 Morphology

Cap

Funeral bell

The cap is small, 1.5 to 5 cm across and rarely up to 7 cm. It starts convex with an inrolled margin, then opens out almost flat, sometimes with a small bump in the middle.

The colour is honey yellow, ochre or tawny brown. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather, and the margin is translucent, so you can see the lines of the gills through it. The cap is hygrophanous: it turns noticeably paler as it dries and is often two-toned. Sheathed woodtuft changes in exactly the same way, so cap colour won't separate them.

Slender pholiota

Cap 2–8 cm across, nearly round when young, then bell-shaped, later convex to flat, sometimes with a low bump. Ocher brown to reddish brown, darker and tawny in the center, with a yellow-green margin. Surface slimy or tacky, smooth with flattened fibers; young caps have a margin fringed with yellow veil remnants.

Hymenophore

Funeral bell

The gills are attached to the stem or run slightly down it, and they are crowded and narrow. Pale ochre or yellowish at first, they turn rusty brown as the spores ripen.

The spore print is rusty brown. That rules out honey fungus and velvet shank (white prints) and sulphur tuft and conifer tuft (purple-brown to almost black). It won't rule out sheathed woodtuft, though, whose print is the same colour. The spores are warty, roughly 8–10 × 5–6 µm, clearly larger and rougher than the smooth spores of woodtuft, but that only shows under a microscope.

Slender pholiota

Gills attached or slightly running down the stem, close, sulfur yellow or pale greenish yellow when young, cinnamon brown with age, often keeping a greenish tinge. Spore print brown.

Stem

Funeral bell

The stem is slender, 2 to 7 cm long and 3 to 8 mm thick, even, and hollow with age. It is pale at the top and darkens to brown or reddish brown towards the base. Below the ring it is covered in pale silvery fibres running lengthwise, without the shaggy scales of sheathed woodtuft. White felty mycelium is visible at the base.

The ring is thin, membranous, whitish to yellowish, and soon turns brown from the spores. It's fragile: often all that's left is a brown band on the stem, and old specimens can lose it entirely. So a missing ring doesn't mean it isn't a funeral bell. There is no volva at the base.

Slender pholiota

Stem 3–8 cm tall and 0.4–1 cm thick, cylindrical, often curved, hollow when mature. Yellow above with a powdery greenish-yellow apex, browning from the base upward. Surface fibrous, with yellow fibers from a thin veil; no distinct ring.

Flesh

Funeral bell

The flesh is thin, yellowish to watery brown and darker in the stem. It doesn't change colour when cut.

Slender pholiota

Flesh yellow, soft, sometimes watery bright greenish yellow.

Smell

Funeral bell

The smell is often mealy, like fresh flour, especially when the mushroom is crushed. It can also be very faint, so field guides don't treat smell as a reliable feature, and it won't tell a funeral bell from a woodtuft.

Slender pholiota

Odor and taste mild and indistinct; one description compares the smell to freshly husked green corn.

📍 Habitats

Slender pholiota

No data

👀 Similar mushrooms — don't mix them up!

❓ Frequently asked questions

Can Slender pholiota and Funeral bell be mixed up?
Yes. These species look alike, and Funeral bell is deadly poisonous, so a mistake is dangerous.
How to tell Slender pholiota from Funeral bell?
Compare the color and shape of the cap, the stem, the flesh and the smell, as well as the season and habitat — the full table is above.
Which is more dangerous — Slender pholiota or Funeral bell?
More dangerous: Funeral bell, which is deadly poisonous. Slender pholiota is unknown. If you have even the slightest doubt, don't pick the mushroom.
Is Funeral bell edible?
Funeral bell — deadly poisonous. It must not be picked or eaten.
When do Slender pholiota and Funeral bell grow?
Slender pholiota — June–December; Funeral bell — June–December. Their seasons overlap, so be especially careful.

Sources

  • [1]Index Fungorum
  • [2]GBIF
  • [3]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [4]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
  • [5]MushroomExpert.com, Michael Kuo
  • [6]Wikipedia (English)
  • [7]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [8]Википедия (русская)
  • [9]Prydiuk M.P. Representatives of the genus Galerina (Hymenogastraceae) with pleurocystidia in Ukraine. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 2020, 77(4): 270–282, Prydiuk M.P. (2020)
  • [10]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [11]Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. DNA studies in the Galerina marginata complex. Mycological Research, 2001, 105(4): 432–440, Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. (2001)
  • [12]Enjalbert F. et al. Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata. Mycologia, 2004, 96(4): 720–729, Enjalbert F. et al. (2004)
  • [13]Vo K.T. et al. Amanita phalloides mushroom poisonings, Northern California, December 2016. MMWR, 2017, 66(21): 549–553, Vo K.T. et al. (2017)
  • [14]IPCS INCHEM: Amatoxins, Poisons Information Monograph
  • [15]California Department of Public Health: Foraged wild mushrooms health alert
  • [16]Wikipedia (de): Gifthäubling
  • [17]Wikipedia (de): Gemeines Stockschwämmchen
  • [18]Landkreis Zwickau: Stubbenpilze (пам'ятка про гриби на пнях)
  • [19]Species Fungorum
  • [20]Smith & Hesler, The North American Species of Pholiota: Pholiota spumosa (mykoweb)
  • [21]Smith & Hesler, The North American Species of Pholiota: Importance (edibility)
  • [22]BioImages: Pholiota spumosa
  • [23]griby.org: Pholiota spumosa