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Parrot waxcap or Yellowleg bonnet

Parrot waxcap and Yellowleg bonnet are similar species that can be mixed up while foraging. The main visible difference: smell: Parrot waxcap — odourless, earthy, Yellowleg bonnet — unpleasant, fishy. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: cap shape, size.

Not sure? Identify by photo

Side by side

Parrot waxcapYellowleg bonnet
Comparison of characteristics: Parrot waxcap and Yellowleg bonnet
SizeParrot waxcap: Small (up to 5 cm)Yellowleg bonnet: Very small (<3 cm)
Cap colourParrot waxcap: Green, Yellow, Orange, PinkYellowleg bonnet: Yellow, Olive
Cap shapeParrot waxcap: Convex, UmbonateYellowleg bonnet: Conical
SmellParrot waxcap: Odourless, EarthyYellowleg bonnet: Unpleasant, Fishy
SubstrateParrot waxcap: Soil, MossYellowleg bonnet: Forest litter, Moss, Soil
Nutrition typeParrot waxcap: —Yellowleg bonnet: Saprotroph
Partner treesParrot waxcap: —Yellowleg bonnet: Pine, Spruce, Fir

Same in both: edibility class, season, use, cap surface, taste, flesh colour change, hymenophore, stem, growth habit.

When and where they meet

Together: August–November

Their seasons overlap: August–November. At that time you can find both in the same woods. Our cards list no shared habitats.

Parrot waxcap

Fruiting season

June – November

Yellowleg bonnet

Fruiting season

August – November

What they look like

Cap, Hymenophore, Stem, Flesh, Smell

Cap

Parrot waxcap

The cap is 1.5 to 4 cm across, occasionally up to 5 cm. It starts bell-shaped or hemispherical, then becomes convex and flattened, often with a low, broad bump. The margin is finely lined when wet.

The surface is coated in thick, glossy slime. Young caps are bright or dark green; the green fades from the centre outwards, leaving the cap yellow, orange-yellow, pinkish or even greyish.

Yellowleg bonnet

Cap 1-2.5 cm across, bell-shaped or conical with a little bump, becoming convex with age. It's yellowish, yellow-olive or lemon-yellow, darker in the centre, where it turns brownish-yellow. The surface is noticeably slimy in wet weather, and this is the species' main diagnostic feature: you can catch the slime with a fingernail and peel it off as a film. In dry weather the cap is just shiny, without obvious sliminess. The margin is thin, with radial grooves.

Hymenophore

Parrot waxcap

The gills are thick, broad, waxy and widely spaced, narrowly attached to the stem. They're greenish near the stem and yellow towards the cap edge, losing the green with age.

The spore print is white.

Yellowleg bonnet

Gills whitish to pale yellowish, moderately distant, notched (adnexed) where they meet the stem. Spore print white.

Stem

Parrot waxcap

The stem is 2 to 7 cm tall and 3 to 8 mm thick, smooth and slimy, with no ring. It's green at the top and yellow to orange-yellow below. It yellows with age, but the green at the top persists even on old specimens, which makes it the best feature to check.

Yellowleg bonnet

Stem 4-8 cm tall, 0.1-0.2 cm thick: very thin, threadlike, fragile, slimy in wet weather. It's yellowish above, darkening with age to yellow-brown toward the base. The surface is smooth, with a noticeable layer of slime.

Flesh

Parrot waxcap

The flesh is thin and whitish, sometimes with yellow or green spots.

Yellowleg bonnet

Flesh very thin, watery, yellowish. Does not change colour when cut. Smell faint; in some populations rancid, with a note of old fat or fish. Taste mild, unremarkable.

Smell

Parrot waxcap

The smell is faint, sometimes earthy.

Yellowleg bonnet

In some populations it's faint and rancid, with a note of stale fish oil or old butter. Not every find has it: some yellowleg bonnets have no smell at all.

Related comparisons

Sources · 18

  • [1]Index Fungorum
  • [2]GBIF
  • [3]Wikipedia (English)
  • [4]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [5]Википедия (русская)
  • [6]First Nature: Gliophorus psittacinus, Parrot Waxcap
  • [7]Wild Food UK: Parrot Waxcap
  • [8]Kuo M., MushroomExpert: Gliophorus psittacinus
  • [9]JNCC: Guidelines for the Selection of Biological SSSIs, Chapter 14 Non-lichenised fungi (Bosanquet et al. 2018), Bosanquet S. et al. (2018)
  • [10]Ainsworth A.M., Cannon P.F., Dentinger B.T.M. DNA barcoding and morphological studies reveal two new species of waxcap mushrooms (Hygrophoraceae) in Britain. MycoKeys, 2013, 7: 45–62, Ainsworth A.M. et al. (2013)
  • [11]Halbwachs H. et al. Hyphae of waxcap fungi colonise plant roots. Fungal Ecology, 2013, 6(6): 487–492, Halbwachs H. et al. (2013)
  • [12]Gartz J. Nachweis von Tryptaminderivaten in Pilzen der Gattungen Gerronema, Hygrocybe, Psathyrella und Inocybe. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen, 1986, 181: 275–278, Gartz J. (1986)
  • [13]Chvikov V., Prylutskyi O. Annotated checklist of Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) of Ukraine. Biodiversity, Ecology and Experimental Biology, 2020, 22(2): 6–23, Chvikov V., Prylutskyi O. (2020)
  • [14]GBIF: знахідки Gliophorus psittacinus в Україні
  • [15]Wikigrib: Гигрофор попугай
  • [16]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [17]MycoBank Database
  • [18]iNaturalist Ukraine