How to tell Conifer tuft from Funeral bell
How they differ, how to recognize them and which is more dangerous — a mushroom comparison
Warning: Funeral bell(Galerina marginata)
DEADLY POISONOUS
Eating it can cause death. Do not pick it and do not taste it.
If you suspect poisoning, call an ambulance immediately: 112 (the European emergency number) or your local emergency number
The short answer
Conifer tuft and Funeral bell look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Conifer tuft is edible, while Funeral bell is deadly poisonous. The main visible difference: season: Conifer tuft — summer, autumn, Funeral bell — summer, autumn, winter. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: use, cap color, cap shape. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Funeral bell
Galerina marginata

Conifer tuft
Hypholoma capnoides
📊 Comparing characteristics
⚠ Highlighted rows are the key differences between the edible and the dangerous mushroom
| Characteristic | Funeral bell | Conifer tuft |
|---|---|---|
| ⚠ Edibility class | Funeral bell Deadly poisonous | Conifer tuft Edible |
| ⚠ Season | Funeral bell SummerAutumnWinter | Conifer tuft SummerAutumn |
| ⚠ Use | Funeral bell Not eaten | Conifer tuft Cook freshPickling |
| Size | Funeral bell Small (up to 5 cm) | Conifer tuft Small (up to 5 cm) |
| ⚠ Cap color | Funeral bell BrownRustyYellow | Conifer tuft YellowOrangeBrown |
| ⚠ Cap shape | Funeral bell ConvexFlatUmbonate | Conifer tuft Convex |
| ⚠ Cap surface | Funeral bell SmoothSlimy | Conifer tuft Smooth |
| ⚠ Taste | Funeral bell Mealy taste | Conifer tuft Mild |
| ⚠ Smell | Funeral bell FlouryNeutral | Conifer tuft Pleasant |
| Flesh color change | Funeral bell No change | Conifer tuft No change |
| Hymenophore | Funeral bell Gilled | Conifer tuft Gilled |
| ⚠ Stem | Funeral bell CentralHollow | Conifer tuft Central |
| ⚠ Ring (veil) | Funeral bell Ring presentRing remnants | Conifer tuft No ring |
| Volva | Funeral bell No volva | Conifer tuft No volva |
| ⚠ Substrate | Funeral bell Dead woodOn woodMoss | Conifer tuft On woodDead wood |
| Nutrition type | Funeral bell Saprotroph | Conifer tuft Saprotroph |
| ⚠ Partner trees | Funeral bell SprucePineFirBeechBirchAspenPoplarHornbeam | Conifer tuft PineSpruceFir |
📅 Seasonality
🔬 Morphology
Cap
Funeral bell
The cap is small, 1.5 to 5 cm across and rarely up to 7 cm. It starts convex with an inrolled margin, then opens out almost flat, sometimes with a small bump in the middle.
The colour is honey yellow, ochre or tawny brown. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather, and the margin is translucent, so you can see the lines of the gills through it. The cap is hygrophanous: it turns noticeably paler as it dries and is often two-toned. Sheathed woodtuft changes in exactly the same way, so cap colour won't separate them.
Conifer tuft
The cap is 3-7 cm across, hemispherical with an inrolled margin when young, later convex with a low umbo. It's ocher yellow to yellowish brown, darkening to orange-brown toward the center, with a paler margin. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather. The cap skin doesn't peel.
Hymenophore
Funeral bell
The gills are attached to the stem or run slightly down it, and they are crowded and narrow. Pale ochre or yellowish at first, they turn rusty brown as the spores ripen.
The spore print is rusty brown. That rules out honey fungus and velvet shank (white prints) and sulphur tuft and conifer tuft (purple-brown to almost black). It won't rule out sheathed woodtuft, though, whose print is the same colour. The spores are warty, roughly 8–10 × 5–6 µm, clearly larger and rougher than the smooth spores of woodtuft, but that only shows under a microscope.
Conifer tuft
The gills are attached to the stem and moderately crowded. Young gills are grayish white; as the spores ripen they turn gray-lilac, ash gray or purplish gray. They never turn sulfur yellow or greenish, and that's what fundamentally sets this species apart from the poisonous sulphur tuft. The spore print is dark purple-brown to blackish brown.
Stem
Funeral bell
The stem is slender, 2 to 7 cm long and 3 to 8 mm thick, even, and hollow with age. It is pale at the top and darkens to brown or reddish brown towards the base. Below the ring it is covered in pale silvery fibres running lengthwise, without the shaggy scales of sheathed woodtuft. White felty mycelium is visible at the base.
The ring is thin, membranous, whitish to yellowish, and soon turns brown from the spores. It's fragile: often all that's left is a brown band on the stem, and old specimens can lose it entirely. So a missing ring doesn't mean it isn't a funeral bell. There is no volva at the base.
Conifer tuft
The stem is 4-8 cm tall and 0.5-1 cm thick, cylindrical, often curved. It's ocher yellow at the top, darkening with age to rusty brown toward the base, with fine lengthwise fibers. The ring is faint or absent; young mushrooms may have a thin fibrous ring zone. Several stems are often fused at the base into a cluster.
Flesh
Funeral bell
The flesh is thin, yellowish to watery brown and darker in the stem. It doesn't change colour when cut.
Conifer tuft
The flesh is meaty and yellowish in the cap, more fibrous in the stem, and doesn't change color when cut. The smell and taste are pleasantly mushroomy, without bitterness. That's another diagnostic feature against the sulphur tuft, whose flesh is bitter.
Smell
Funeral bell
The smell is often mealy, like fresh flour, especially when the mushroom is crushed. It can also be very faint, so field guides don't treat smell as a reliable feature, and it won't tell a funeral bell from a woodtuft.
Conifer tuft
Pleasantly mushroomy, with no distinctive notes and no bitterness.
📍 Habitats
Funeral bell
Conifer tuft
👀 Similar mushrooms — don't mix them up!
❓ Frequently asked questions
Can Conifer tuft and Funeral bell be mixed up?
How to tell Conifer tuft from Funeral bell?
Which is more dangerous — Conifer tuft or Funeral bell?
Is Funeral bell edible?
When do Conifer tuft and Funeral bell grow?
Sources
- [1]Index Fungorum
- [2]GBIF
- [3]iNaturalist Ukraine
- [4]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
- [5]MushroomExpert.com, Michael Kuo
- [6]Wikipedia (English)
- [7]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [8]Википедия (русская)
- [9]Prydiuk M.P. Representatives of the genus Galerina (Hymenogastraceae) with pleurocystidia in Ukraine. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 2020, 77(4): 270–282, Prydiuk M.P. (2020)
- [10]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
- [11]Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. DNA studies in the Galerina marginata complex. Mycological Research, 2001, 105(4): 432–440, Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. (2001)
- [12]Enjalbert F. et al. Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata. Mycologia, 2004, 96(4): 720–729, Enjalbert F. et al. (2004)
- [13]Vo K.T. et al. Amanita phalloides mushroom poisonings, Northern California, December 2016. MMWR, 2017, 66(21): 549–553, Vo K.T. et al. (2017)
- [14]IPCS INCHEM: Amatoxins, Poisons Information Monograph
- [15]California Department of Public Health: Foraged wild mushrooms health alert
- [16]Wikipedia (de): Gifthäubling
- [17]Wikipedia (de): Gemeines Stockschwämmchen
- [18]Landkreis Zwickau: Stubbenpilze (пам'ятка про гриби на пнях)
- [19]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
- [20]MycoBank Database