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How to tell Conifer tuft from Funeral bell

How they differ, how to recognize them and which is more dangerous — a mushroom comparison

Warning: Funeral bell(Galerina marginata)

The short answer

Conifer tuft and Funeral bell look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Conifer tuft is edible, while Funeral bell is deadly poisonous. The main visible difference: season: Conifer tuft — summer, autumn, Funeral bell — summer, autumn, winter. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: use, cap color, cap shape. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Funeral bell: a cluster of orange-brown mushrooms on a rotting willow trunk, with rusty rings on the slender stems and silvery fibres below the rings

Funeral bell

Galerina marginata

Deadly poisonousNot reviewed by an editor
Conifer tuft (Hypholoma capnoides) turned over on a stump: gray gills, a yellow stem, a cluster of ochre caps below

Conifer tuft

Hypholoma capnoides

EdibleExpert-verified

📊 Comparing characteristics

⚠ Highlighted rows are the key differences between the edible and the dangerous mushroom

Comparison of characteristics: Funeral bell and Conifer tuft
⚠ Edibility class

Funeral bell

Deadly poisonous

Conifer tuft

Edible
⚠ Season

Funeral bell

SummerAutumnWinter

Conifer tuft

SummerAutumn
⚠ Use

Funeral bell

Not eaten

Conifer tuft

Cook freshPickling
Size

Funeral bell

Small (up to 5 cm)

Conifer tuft

Small (up to 5 cm)
⚠ Cap color

Funeral bell

BrownRustyYellow

Conifer tuft

YellowOrangeBrown
⚠ Cap shape

Funeral bell

ConvexFlatUmbonate

Conifer tuft

Convex
⚠ Cap surface

Funeral bell

SmoothSlimy

Conifer tuft

Smooth
⚠ Taste

Funeral bell

Mealy taste

Conifer tuft

Mild
⚠ Smell

Funeral bell

FlouryNeutral

Conifer tuft

Pleasant
Flesh color change

Funeral bell

No change

Conifer tuft

No change
Hymenophore

Funeral bell

Gilled

Conifer tuft

Gilled
⚠ Stem

Funeral bell

CentralHollow

Conifer tuft

Central
⚠ Ring (veil)

Funeral bell

Ring presentRing remnants

Conifer tuft

No ring
Volva

Funeral bell

No volva

Conifer tuft

No volva
⚠ Substrate

Funeral bell

Dead woodOn woodMoss

Conifer tuft

On woodDead wood
Nutrition type

Funeral bell

Saprotroph

Conifer tuft

Saprotroph
⚠ Partner trees

Funeral bell

SprucePineFirBeechBirchAspenPoplarHornbeam

Conifer tuft

PineSpruceFir

📅 Seasonality

Funeral bell

Fruiting season

June – December

Conifer tuft

Fruiting season

August – November

🔬 Morphology

Cap

Funeral bell

The cap is small, 1.5 to 5 cm across and rarely up to 7 cm. It starts convex with an inrolled margin, then opens out almost flat, sometimes with a small bump in the middle.

The colour is honey yellow, ochre or tawny brown. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather, and the margin is translucent, so you can see the lines of the gills through it. The cap is hygrophanous: it turns noticeably paler as it dries and is often two-toned. Sheathed woodtuft changes in exactly the same way, so cap colour won't separate them.

Conifer tuft

The cap is 3-7 cm across, hemispherical with an inrolled margin when young, later convex with a low umbo. It's ocher yellow to yellowish brown, darkening to orange-brown toward the center, with a paler margin. The surface is smooth and slightly sticky in wet weather. The cap skin doesn't peel.

Hymenophore

Funeral bell

The gills are attached to the stem or run slightly down it, and they are crowded and narrow. Pale ochre or yellowish at first, they turn rusty brown as the spores ripen.

The spore print is rusty brown. That rules out honey fungus and velvet shank (white prints) and sulphur tuft and conifer tuft (purple-brown to almost black). It won't rule out sheathed woodtuft, though, whose print is the same colour. The spores are warty, roughly 8–10 × 5–6 µm, clearly larger and rougher than the smooth spores of woodtuft, but that only shows under a microscope.

Conifer tuft

The gills are attached to the stem and moderately crowded. Young gills are grayish white; as the spores ripen they turn gray-lilac, ash gray or purplish gray. They never turn sulfur yellow or greenish, and that's what fundamentally sets this species apart from the poisonous sulphur tuft. The spore print is dark purple-brown to blackish brown.

Stem

Funeral bell

The stem is slender, 2 to 7 cm long and 3 to 8 mm thick, even, and hollow with age. It is pale at the top and darkens to brown or reddish brown towards the base. Below the ring it is covered in pale silvery fibres running lengthwise, without the shaggy scales of sheathed woodtuft. White felty mycelium is visible at the base.

The ring is thin, membranous, whitish to yellowish, and soon turns brown from the spores. It's fragile: often all that's left is a brown band on the stem, and old specimens can lose it entirely. So a missing ring doesn't mean it isn't a funeral bell. There is no volva at the base.

Conifer tuft

The stem is 4-8 cm tall and 0.5-1 cm thick, cylindrical, often curved. It's ocher yellow at the top, darkening with age to rusty brown toward the base, with fine lengthwise fibers. The ring is faint or absent; young mushrooms may have a thin fibrous ring zone. Several stems are often fused at the base into a cluster.

Flesh

Funeral bell

The flesh is thin, yellowish to watery brown and darker in the stem. It doesn't change colour when cut.

Conifer tuft

The flesh is meaty and yellowish in the cap, more fibrous in the stem, and doesn't change color when cut. The smell and taste are pleasantly mushroomy, without bitterness. That's another diagnostic feature against the sulphur tuft, whose flesh is bitter.

Smell

Funeral bell

The smell is often mealy, like fresh flour, especially when the mushroom is crushed. It can also be very faint, so field guides don't treat smell as a reliable feature, and it won't tell a funeral bell from a woodtuft.

Conifer tuft

Pleasantly mushroomy, with no distinctive notes and no bitterness.

📍 Habitats

👀 Similar mushrooms — don't mix them up!

❓ Frequently asked questions

Can Conifer tuft and Funeral bell be mixed up?
Yes. These species look alike, and Funeral bell is deadly poisonous, so a mistake is dangerous. Pay attention to the season, use, cap color.
How to tell Conifer tuft from Funeral bell?
The main differences: season: Conifer tuft — summer, autumn, Funeral bell — summer, autumn, winter; use: Conifer tuft — cook fresh, pickling, Funeral bell — not eaten; cap color: Conifer tuft — yellow, orange, brown, Funeral bell — brown, rusty, yellow. As for edibility: Conifer tuft is edible, Funeral bell is deadly poisonous. The full table of characteristics is higher up on this page.
Which is more dangerous — Conifer tuft or Funeral bell?
More dangerous: Funeral bell, which is deadly poisonous. Conifer tuft is edible. If you have even the slightest doubt, don't pick the mushroom.
Is Funeral bell edible?
Funeral bell — deadly poisonous. It must not be picked or eaten.
When do Conifer tuft and Funeral bell grow?
Conifer tuft — August–November; Funeral bell — June–December.

Sources

  • [1]Index Fungorum
  • [2]GBIF
  • [3]iNaturalist Ukraine
  • [4]First Nature, Pat O'Reilly
  • [5]MushroomExpert.com, Michael Kuo
  • [6]Wikipedia (English)
  • [7]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [8]Википедия (русская)
  • [9]Prydiuk M.P. Representatives of the genus Galerina (Hymenogastraceae) with pleurocystidia in Ukraine. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 2020, 77(4): 270–282, Prydiuk M.P. (2020)
  • [10]Prylutskyi O. et al. Reference-based checklist of gilled Agaricales from Ukraine. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2023, 11: e99101, Prylutskyi O. et al. (2023)
  • [11]Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. DNA studies in the Galerina marginata complex. Mycological Research, 2001, 105(4): 432–440, Gulden G., Dunham S., Stockman J. (2001)
  • [12]Enjalbert F. et al. Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata. Mycologia, 2004, 96(4): 720–729, Enjalbert F. et al. (2004)
  • [13]Vo K.T. et al. Amanita phalloides mushroom poisonings, Northern California, December 2016. MMWR, 2017, 66(21): 549–553, Vo K.T. et al. (2017)
  • [14]IPCS INCHEM: Amatoxins, Poisons Information Monograph
  • [15]California Department of Public Health: Foraged wild mushrooms health alert
  • [16]Wikipedia (de): Gifthäubling
  • [17]Wikipedia (de): Gemeines Stockschwämmchen
  • [18]Landkreis Zwickau: Stubbenpilze (пам'ятка про гриби на пнях)
  • [19]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [20]MycoBank Database