How to tell Grey knight from Tiger tricholoma
How they differ, how to recognize them and which is more dangerous — a mushroom comparison
Warning: Tiger tricholoma(Tricholoma pardinum)
POISONOUS
Eating it causes poisoning. Do not pick it unless you have identified it with certainty.
Severe gastrointestinal poisoning — the most common serious mushroom poisoning in some regions of Europe (France, Italy, Switzerland, and in part Ukraine).
Active toxins: not precisely identified; probably a mixture of heat-labile and heat-stable irritants of the intestinal lining, possibly including the tyrosine-pyridine group and sesquiterpenes. Boiling does not neutralize them completely.
Latency period: 1-3 hours after eating (average 1.5 h).
Symptoms: Sudden severe nausea and repeated vomiting (often every 10-15 min during the first hours) Watery diarrhea, sometimes with traces of blood Severe cramping abdominal pain Profuse sweating, tachycardia, hypotension from dehydration Cold extremities, oliguria (reduced urine output) with severe dehydration In children and the elderly — rapid development of collapse and kidney failure
Duration: 24-72 h in mild cases, up to 4-5 days in severe ones. Full recovery usually takes 7-10 days. Among healthy adults there are practically no deaths, but deaths have been reported in children under 5 and in people over 70 with cardiovascular disease, due to complications of dehydration.
First aid — call an ambulance IMMEDIATELY (112 or your local emergency number): 1. Do NOT induce vomiting (the person is already vomiting profusely). 2. Rehydration — oral rehydration salts (Regidron) if the person can swallow; intravenous rehydration in hospital is the mainstay of treatment. 3. Save a sample of the mushroom (fresh or from vomit) so a toxicologist can identify it. 4. With severe dehydration — hospital treatment with monitoring of electrolytes, kidneys and the cardiovascular system. 5. Antibiotics are not needed (this is not infectious gastroenteritis). 6. Symptomatic treatment: for severe nausea — metoclopramide, for pain — antispasmodics; antidiarrheals (loperamide) are contraindicated in the first 12 h because they slow the elimination of toxins.
The prognosis is good with adequate rehydration; deaths are isolated and have been reported mainly in risk groups (children under 5, people over 70).
ABSOLUTE RULE: do NOT PICK large gray knights with scales. If a suspicious large, scaly gray one turns up in your basket of knights, throw out the WHOLE basket (spore dust may have cross-contaminated the other mushrooms).
If you suspect poisoning, call an ambulance immediately: 112 (the European emergency number) or your local emergency number
The short answer
Grey knight and Tiger tricholoma look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Grey knight is conditionally edible, while Tiger tricholoma is poisonous. The main visible difference: use: Grey knight — cook fresh, pickling, Tiger tricholoma — not eaten. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: size, cap color, cap shape. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Grey knight
Tricholoma terreum

Tiger tricholoma
Tricholoma pardinum
📊 Comparing characteristics
⚠ Highlighted rows are the key differences between the edible and the dangerous mushroom
| Characteristic | Grey knight | Tiger tricholoma |
|---|---|---|
| ⚠ Edibility class | Grey knight Conditionally edible | Tiger tricholoma Poisonous |
| Season | Grey knight SummerAutumn | Tiger tricholoma SummerAutumn |
| ⚠ Use | Grey knight Cook freshPickling | Tiger tricholoma Not eaten |
| ⚠ Size | Grey knight Small (up to 5 cm) | Tiger tricholoma Large (over 15 cm) |
| ⚠ Cap color | Grey knight Grey | Tiger tricholoma GreyWhite |
| ⚠ Cap shape | Grey knight Umbonate | Tiger tricholoma Convex |
| ⚠ Cap surface | Grey knight Velvety | Tiger tricholoma Scaly |
| ⚠ Taste | Grey knight Mild | Tiger tricholoma Bitter |
| Smell | Grey knight Floury | Tiger tricholoma Floury |
| Flesh color change | Grey knight No change | Tiger tricholoma No change |
| Hymenophore | Grey knight Gilled | Tiger tricholoma Gilled |
| Stem | Grey knight Central | Tiger tricholoma Central |
| Ring (veil) | Grey knight No ring | Tiger tricholoma No ring |
| Volva | Grey knight No volva | Tiger tricholoma No volva |
| Substrate | Grey knight Soil | Tiger tricholoma Soil |
| Nutrition type | Grey knight Mycorrhizal | Tiger tricholoma Mycorrhizal |
| ⚠ Partner trees | Grey knight PineSpruce | Tiger tricholoma BeechOakHornbeam |
📅 Seasonality
Grey knight
Fruiting season
August – November
Tiger tricholoma
Fruiting season
August – November
🔬 Morphology
Cap
Grey knight
Cap 3-8 cm across, when young distinctly conical or bell-shaped, becoming with age flat-conical with a low, broad central bump. The skin is finely fibrous-felty — like a mouse's fur, gray to dark gray, mouse-colored, with a darker center and paler margins. Old fruiting bodies have fine radial cracks. The margin is even and thin, and may be slightly wavy in damp conditions.
Tiger tricholoma
The cap is 8-15 cm across (sometimes up to 20 cm), very fleshy, heavy; when young it is hemispherical with an inrolled margin, with age becoming broadly convex, flat and spread out. The skin is matte, with distinct dark gray scales on a grayish-white background — a characteristic "leopard" pattern of concentric rows of scales, especially noticeable at the center. The background color is grayish white to pale ash gray, the scales are dark gray to blackish gray. The margin is even, slightly wavy in old specimens.
Hymenophore
Grey knight
Gilled hymenophore — the gills are notched (sinuate) where they attach to the stem, moderately crowded, thin, the gill flesh brittle. Color: whitish to grayish-white, turning gray with a faint yellowish tinge with age. Spore print white.
Tiger tricholoma
Lamellate hymenophore: the gills are notched (emarginate) at the stem, moderately crowded, very fleshy, thick. Color: white to creamy white, with no yellowish tint — this is the key difference from the edible T. portentosum. Spore print white.
Stem
Grey knight
Stem 3-7 cm tall, 0.7-1.5 cm thick, cylindrical, firm when young, hollow when old. Color: white to grayish-white, with no noticeable spots. Surface smooth with fine lengthwise fibers. No ring.
Tiger tricholoma
The stem is 6-12 cm tall, 2-4 cm thick, very fleshy, cylindrical, thickening toward the base, with a slight bulbous swelling in old specimens. Color: white to grayish white, often with ochre-brown spots or dots in the lower part. Surface: smooth, with lengthwise fibers in the lower third. No ring.
Flesh
Grey knight
Flesh thin, brittle, white in the cap, grayish-white in the stem. Does not change color when cut. Smell faintly mealy or with a fresh cucumber note, taste mild, no bitterness.
Tiger tricholoma
The flesh is very firm, fleshy, white to cream, does not change color when cut (does not turn pink or darken). Smell: distinctly mealy; taste mild at first, then bitterish and astringent — but the taste is no warning sign: you can eat this mushroom without noticing any bitterness.
Smell
Grey knight
Faintly mealy-cucumber, neutral, with no sharp notes.
Tiger tricholoma
A distinct mealy smell, as in many knights — is NOT a warning sign!
📍 Habitats
Grey knight
Tiger tricholoma
👀 Similar mushrooms — don't mix them up!
❓ Frequently asked questions
Can Grey knight and Tiger tricholoma be mixed up?
How to tell Grey knight from Tiger tricholoma?
Which is more dangerous — Grey knight or Tiger tricholoma?
Is Tiger tricholoma edible?
When do Grey knight and Tiger tricholoma grow?
Sources
- [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
- [3]MycoBank Database
- [4]Index Fungorum
- [5]GBIF
- [6]iNaturalist Ukraine