How to tell Charbonnier from Tiger tricholoma
How they differ, how to recognize them and which is more dangerous — a mushroom comparison
Warning: Tiger tricholoma(Tricholoma pardinum)
POISONOUS
Eating it causes poisoning. Do not pick it unless you have identified it with certainty.
Severe gastrointestinal poisoning — the most common serious mushroom poisoning in some regions of Europe (France, Italy, Switzerland, and in part Ukraine).
Active toxins: not precisely identified; probably a mixture of heat-labile and heat-stable irritants of the intestinal lining, possibly including the tyrosine-pyridine group and sesquiterpenes. Boiling does not neutralize them completely.
Latency period: 1-3 hours after eating (average 1.5 h).
Symptoms: Sudden severe nausea and repeated vomiting (often every 10-15 min during the first hours) Watery diarrhea, sometimes with traces of blood Severe cramping abdominal pain Profuse sweating, tachycardia, hypotension from dehydration Cold extremities, oliguria (reduced urine output) with severe dehydration In children and the elderly — rapid development of collapse and kidney failure
Duration: 24-72 h in mild cases, up to 4-5 days in severe ones. Full recovery usually takes 7-10 days. Among healthy adults there are practically no deaths, but deaths have been reported in children under 5 and in people over 70 with cardiovascular disease, due to complications of dehydration.
First aid — call an ambulance IMMEDIATELY (112 or your local emergency number): 1. Do NOT induce vomiting (the person is already vomiting profusely). 2. Rehydration — oral rehydration salts (Regidron) if the person can swallow; intravenous rehydration in hospital is the mainstay of treatment. 3. Save a sample of the mushroom (fresh or from vomit) so a toxicologist can identify it. 4. With severe dehydration — hospital treatment with monitoring of electrolytes, kidneys and the cardiovascular system. 5. Antibiotics are not needed (this is not infectious gastroenteritis). 6. Symptomatic treatment: for severe nausea — metoclopramide, for pain — antispasmodics; antidiarrheals (loperamide) are contraindicated in the first 12 h because they slow the elimination of toxins.
The prognosis is good with adequate rehydration; deaths are isolated and have been reported mainly in risk groups (children under 5, people over 70).
ABSOLUTE RULE: do NOT PICK large gray knights with scales. If a suspicious large, scaly gray one turns up in your basket of knights, throw out the WHOLE basket (spore dust may have cross-contaminated the other mushrooms).
If you suspect poisoning, call an ambulance immediately: 112 (the European emergency number) or your local emergency number
The short answer
Charbonnier and Tiger tricholoma look alike, so they're easy to mix up — but Charbonnier is edible, while Tiger tricholoma is poisonous. The main visible difference: season: Charbonnier — autumn, Tiger tricholoma — summer, autumn. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: use, size, cap color. If you have even the slightest doubt, leave the mushroom be.

Charbonnier
Tricholoma portentosum

Tiger tricholoma
Tricholoma pardinum
📊 Comparing characteristics
⚠ Highlighted rows are the key differences between the edible and the dangerous mushroom
| Characteristic | Charbonnier | Tiger tricholoma |
|---|---|---|
| ⚠ Edibility class | Charbonnier Edible | Tiger tricholoma Poisonous |
| ⚠ Season | Charbonnier Autumn | Tiger tricholoma SummerAutumn |
| ⚠ Use | Charbonnier Cook freshPicklingDrying | Tiger tricholoma Not eaten |
| ⚠ Size | Charbonnier Medium (5–15 cm) | Tiger tricholoma Large (over 15 cm) |
| ⚠ Cap color | Charbonnier GreyVioletOlive | Tiger tricholoma GreyWhite |
| ⚠ Cap shape | Charbonnier Umbonate | Tiger tricholoma Convex |
| ⚠ Cap surface | Charbonnier Fibrous | Tiger tricholoma Scaly |
| ⚠ Taste | Charbonnier Mild | Tiger tricholoma Bitter |
| ⚠ Smell | Charbonnier FlouryPleasant | Tiger tricholoma Floury |
| Flesh color change | Charbonnier No change | Tiger tricholoma No change |
| Hymenophore | Charbonnier Gilled | Tiger tricholoma Gilled |
| Stem | Charbonnier Central | Tiger tricholoma Central |
| Ring (veil) | Charbonnier No ring | Tiger tricholoma No ring |
| Volva | Charbonnier No volva | Tiger tricholoma No volva |
| Substrate | Charbonnier Soil | Tiger tricholoma Soil |
| Nutrition type | Charbonnier Mycorrhizal | Tiger tricholoma Mycorrhizal |
| ⚠ Partner trees | Charbonnier PineSpruce | Tiger tricholoma BeechOakHornbeam |
📅 Seasonality
Charbonnier
Fruiting season
October – November
Tiger tricholoma
Fruiting season
August – November
🔬 Morphology
Cap
Charbonnier
Cap 5-12 cm across, when young bell-shaped or convex-conical, becoming with age flat-convex with a low, broad bump in the center. The skin is smooth, slightly slimy in wet weather, dry and matte in dry weather. Color: gray-violet, gray-greenish, olive-gray, darker in the center, with distinct fine dark radial fibrous streaks — a diagnostic feature. The margin is even, slightly wavy in old caps, inrolled in young ones.
Tiger tricholoma
The cap is 8-15 cm across (sometimes up to 20 cm), very fleshy, heavy; when young it is hemispherical with an inrolled margin, with age becoming broadly convex, flat and spread out. The skin is matte, with distinct dark gray scales on a grayish-white background — a characteristic "leopard" pattern of concentric rows of scales, especially noticeable at the center. The background color is grayish white to pale ash gray, the scales are dark gray to blackish gray. The margin is even, slightly wavy in old specimens.
Hymenophore
Charbonnier
Gilled hymenophore — the gills are notched (sinuate) where they attach to the stem, moderately crowded, fleshy. When young they are whitish with a faint yellowish tinge, becoming with age creamy-yellowish, especially toward the edge. The yellowish tone of the gills is a diagnostic feature. Spore print white.
Tiger tricholoma
Lamellate hymenophore: the gills are notched (emarginate) at the stem, moderately crowded, very fleshy, thick. Color: white to creamy white, with no yellowish tint — this is the key difference from the edible T. portentosum. Spore print white.
Stem
Charbonnier
Stem 5-10 cm tall, 1.5-2.5 cm thick, firm, fleshy, cylindrical. Color: whitish with a characteristic yellowish tinge, especially toward the base. Surface smooth with fine lengthwise fibers. No ring.
Tiger tricholoma
The stem is 6-12 cm tall, 2-4 cm thick, very fleshy, cylindrical, thickening toward the base, with a slight bulbous swelling in old specimens. Color: white to grayish white, often with ochre-brown spots or dots in the lower part. Surface: smooth, with lengthwise fibers in the lower third. No ring.
Flesh
Charbonnier
Flesh firm, white in the cap, white with a yellowish tinge in the stem. Does not change color when cut — it does not turn pink (unlike T. saponaceum) and does not darken. Smell distinctly mealy-cucumber, taste mild, pleasantly mushroomy with a hint of flour, no bitterness.
Tiger tricholoma
The flesh is very firm, fleshy, white to cream, does not change color when cut (does not turn pink or darken). Smell: distinctly mealy; taste mild at first, then bitterish and astringent — but the taste is no warning sign: you can eat this mushroom without noticing any bitterness.
Smell
Charbonnier
A distinct, pleasant mealy-cucumber smell — like freshly ground flour with a note of fresh cucumbers. A diagnostic feature, clear when you cut it.
Tiger tricholoma
A distinct mealy smell, as in many knights — is NOT a warning sign!
📍 Habitats
Charbonnier
Tiger tricholoma
👀 Similar mushrooms — don't mix them up!
❓ Frequently asked questions
Can Charbonnier and Tiger tricholoma be mixed up?
How to tell Charbonnier from Tiger tricholoma?
Which is more dangerous — Charbonnier or Tiger tricholoma?
Is Tiger tricholoma edible?
When do Charbonnier and Tiger tricholoma grow?
Sources
- [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
- [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
- [3]MycoBank Database
- [4]Index Fungorum
- [5]GBIF
- [6]iNaturalist Ukraine