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Pavement mushroom or Horse mushroom

How they differ, how to recognize them and which is more dangerous — a mushroom comparison

The short answer

Pavement mushroom and Horse mushroom are similar species that can be mixed up while foraging. The main visible difference: season: Pavement mushroom — spring, summer, autumn, Horse mushroom — summer, autumn. The mushrooms also differ in the following features: use, size, smell.

Pavement mushroom (Agaricus bitorquis)

Pavement mushroom

Agaricus bitorquis

EdibleExpert-verified
Horse mushroom (Agaricus arvensis)

Horse mushroom

Agaricus arvensis

EdibleExpert-verified

📊 Comparing characteristics

Comparison of characteristics: Pavement mushroom and Horse mushroom
Edibility class

Pavement mushroom

Edible

Horse mushroom

Edible
Season

Pavement mushroom

SpringSummerAutumn

Horse mushroom

SummerAutumn
Use

Pavement mushroom

Cook freshPickling

Horse mushroom

Cook freshDryingPickling
Size

Pavement mushroom

Medium (5–15 cm)

Horse mushroom

Large (over 15 cm)
Cap color

Pavement mushroom

WhiteCream

Horse mushroom

WhiteCream
Cap shape

Pavement mushroom

Convex

Horse mushroom

Convex
Cap surface

Pavement mushroom

Smooth

Horse mushroom

Smooth
Taste

Pavement mushroom

Mild

Horse mushroom

Mild
Smell

Pavement mushroom

Pleasant

Horse mushroom

PleasantAniseAlmond
Flesh color change

Pavement mushroom

Reddening

Horse mushroom

Yellowing
Hymenophore

Pavement mushroom

Gilled

Horse mushroom

Gilled
Stem

Pavement mushroom

Central

Horse mushroom

Central
Ring (veil)

Pavement mushroom

Ring present

Horse mushroom

Ring present
Volva

Pavement mushroom

No volva

Horse mushroom

No volva
Substrate

Pavement mushroom

Soil

Horse mushroom

SoilDung
Nutrition type

Pavement mushroom

Saprotroph

Horse mushroom

Saprotroph

📅 Seasonality

Pavement mushroom

Fruiting season

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

May – November

Horse mushroom

Fruiting season

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

June – November

🔬 Morphology

Cap

Pavement mushroom

Cap 5-15 cm across, in young mushrooms compactly hemispherical to flat-convex, the edge often inrolled. Color white to cream, sometimes with a pale brownish tint in the center. Surface smooth, slightly sticky in wet weather. Often with a partial veil at the edge when young: a thin membranous fringe.

Horse mushroom

Cap 6-20 cm across; in young mushrooms firmly hemispherical to egg-shaped, the margin often rolled under. Later it becomes convex to flat. Color pure white to cream, with subtle yellowish tints in old mushrooms; spots yellow to ocher when touched. Surface smooth, slightly sticky in wet weather, dry and matte in dry weather. Sometimes with fine fibrous scales in the center.

Hymenophore

Pavement mushroom

Gilled hymenophore: gills free, crowded. When young they are pale pink to bright pink, and with age they become dark brown to chocolate-blackish. Spore print dark brown.

Horse mushroom

Gilled hymenophore — gills free, crowded. When young — grayish-white, with a pinkish tinge, becoming with age dark brown, chocolate-blackish. Spore print dark brown.

Stem

Pavement mushroom

Stem 3-8 cm tall, 1.5-3 cm thick, thick, meaty, cylindrical, narrowing toward the base. Color white. A distinctive double ring structure: in the upper part of the stem there are two membranous rings close together (hence the name bitorquis). This is the diagnostic feature of the species.

Horse mushroom

Stem 6-12 cm tall, 1.5-3 cm thick, thick, fleshy, cylindrical, slightly thickened at the base. Color white to cream. On the upper part — a large membranous double ring with a characteristic "toothed" lower edge (like a cogwheel) — a diagnostic feature of the species.

Flesh

Pavement mushroom

Flesh firm, meaty, white; when cut it slowly turns pinkish to brownish. Pleasant mushroomy smell with a fresh note. Mild taste, similar to the store-bought mushroom.

Horse mushroom

Flesh firm, meaty, white; when cut it slowly yellows in the flesh of the cap and upper stem. Does not redden (unlike A. silvaticus). The smell is a distinct anise-almond — a characteristic feature of the species.

Smell

Pavement mushroom

Pleasant and mushroomy, like fresh store-bought button mushrooms. It does not smell of ink or medicine (that would point to the yellow stainer).

Horse mushroom

Distinctly anise-almond, fruity — the most characteristic diagnostic sign. It comes out when you rub the flesh between your fingers. This smell is one of the most pleasant mushroom experiences in field foraging.

📍 Habitats

Pavement mushroom

Deciduous forest

Horse mushroom

Deciduous forest

👀 Similar mushrooms — don't mix them up!

❓ Frequently asked questions

Can Pavement mushroom and Horse mushroom be mixed up?
Yes, they look so similar that people often mix them up. The season, use, size help tell them apart.
How to tell Pavement mushroom from Horse mushroom?
The main differences: season: Pavement mushroom — spring, summer, autumn, Horse mushroom — summer, autumn; use: Pavement mushroom — cook fresh, pickling, Horse mushroom — cook fresh, drying, pickling; size: Pavement mushroom — medium (5–15 cm), Horse mushroom — large (over 15 cm). The full table of characteristics is higher up on this page.
Is Horse mushroom edible?
Horse mushroom — edible.
When do Pavement mushroom and Horse mushroom grow?
Pavement mushroom — May–November; Horse mushroom — June–November.

Sources

  • [1]Вікіпедія (українська)
  • [2]Атлас грибів України, Зеров Д.К. (1979)
  • [3]MycoBank Database
  • [4]Index Fungorum
  • [5]GBIF
  • [6]iNaturalist Ukraine